论文标题:章太炎与近代自然科学
Zhang Taiyan and the Modern Natural Sciences
论文作者
论文导师 魏永生,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 山东师范大学,点击次数 108,论文页数 84页File Size5820k
2006-05-08论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_462444497/
Zhang Taiyan;the Modern Natural Sciences;the transformation of the traditional studies
近代西学的传入,使近代中国知识分子在接受新知与保存、改造传统之间,面临着前所未有的挑战。本文即以章太炎和近代自然科学的关系为中心,探讨章氏接受近代自然科学的历程以及由此对其思想和学术产生的影响,以期有助于理解近代自然科学在中国的作用及其与传统学术的内在联系。本文共分五章,第一章概述了章太炎接受近代自然科学的三个阶段:他青年时期在诂经精舍师从经学大师俞樾时就心仪西学,开始了以格致新理阐发旧学的尝试。甲午战后更是广泛阅读西书,把更多的新知识、新理论融进自己的思想体系。此时他对西学已不再是零星地接受,而是系统地研究。但辛亥革命后,他却将“参用远西书籍”限定在自然科学、技术科学等所谓“物质之学”领域内。这一时期他对于西方资产阶级的民主、平等观念产生怀疑,连正在被热烈崇信着的进化论也遭到了他的质疑。而我们不能简单地把这归结为历史的倒退,出现这种情况,表现了章太炎在中西文化的冲突中,并没有人云亦云,而是保持了比较冷静和清醒的头脑。俱分进化论是他对进化论的批评和修正,既表现了他的困惑,又体现了其独立思考的勇气。但归根结底,俱分进化论流露出太多的悲观色彩,对于推进资产阶级民主革命是非常不利的。论文第二、三章探讨了近代自然科学对章太炎思想的改造。西方进化论传入中国以后,成为国人观察和改造世界的世界观和方法论。章太炎并没有简单照抄,其进化思想主要体现在宇宙、自然界、生物界和人类社会的进化诸方面,并以进化论作为武器向神创论和封建天道观念展开了猛烈批判。另外章太炎通过吸收西方近代的人种学说、遗传学说、优生学等西方近代自然科学知识和理论,提出本民族要自卫其种、自贵其种及自强其种,确立了有别于传统“华夷之辨”的近代资产阶级的民族主义思想。第四章对章太炎的无神宗教思想作了考察。章太炎通过发掘古代无神思想,并借助于西方自然科学知识和科学方法对上帝创世说、封建天道观念和封建迷信思想等有神宗教作出了猛烈批判,并在此基础上提出了建立无神宗教的主张,因而陷入了唯心主义的泥淖。第五章则以对儒家经典和诸子学典籍的解释为例,论述了章太炎如何将近代自然科学引进传统学术研究的。章太炎对近代自然科学知识的吸收繁杂且不系统,其运用也有些急就的意味,缺乏理论创造。但是不可否认,近代自然科学的传入,为章太炎提供了新的理论工具,促使他的思想观念发生了变化,同时也使其学术研究别开生面,在促进传统学术的近代转型中做出了巨大贡献。
As culture and sciences from the west were introduced into China in a large scale,the traditional culture and learning were faced with unprecedented challenges. Thusthis chapter is focused on the relationship between Zhang Taiyan and the modernnatural sciences. From discussing the course of receiving the modern natural sciencesand the subsequent influence of the thought and the learning, we look forward to itcan help to comprehend the effect of the modern science in china and the interconnection with the traditional culture.This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter summarizes the threephases. When Zhang was young, he began to admire west sciences and culture andtried to redefine the traditional culture of China by investigation of things and theextension of knowledge. After 1894, he devoted more time to reading west books andabsorbed more new knowledge and theories into his own theoretical system. In thisperiod of time, he was not picking up fragmentary west knowledge but was makingsystematic analysis. But after 1911, he only confined his focus on natural sciences andtechnologies. He began to doubt the capitalist democracy and equality and even thetheory of evolution which was being admired by the public at the time. We cannottake this as his retrogression from the times as he kept a clear mind and did not followothers. He criticized and modified the theory of evolution, which showed hisconfusion and courage of independent thinking. But in conclusion, we can see he wastoo pessimistic from his criticism and modification on the theory of evolution and thiswas unfavorable to the capitalist democratic revolution. The second and the thirdchapters discuss the impact of the modern natural sciences on Zhang. After the theoryof evolution was introduced to China, it became a world outlook and methodology forthe Chinese people to observe and transform the world. Zhang refused to imitate, heused the theory to analyze the universe, the nature, the animals and the human societyinstead and severely attached the divine theory and superstitious ideology of thefeudal society. In addition, Zhang used west natural sciences and theories concerningethnology, genetics and eugenics to establish nationalism different from the traditionalideology. The fourth chapter analyzes the atheism of Zhang. He attached andcriticized severely the theism and put forward his proposal to establish an atheisticreligion and thus fell into the trap of idealism. The fifth chapter discusses how Zhangintroduced new knowledge and learning into the old sphere so that he brought a newface to the traditional studies when the traditional studies were faced with challengesof the west studies.To sum up, the ideology of Zhang concerning natural sciences takes on a trend toexpel the new with the old, and show a character of the mixture of the two studies butlacked theoretical creation. It seems too nervous and too hurried to choose. In spite ofthat, it is without doubt that the impact on the change of the mind and on thetransformation of the traditional studies to the modern studies is significant.
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