论文标题:近代中国行业组织的历史变迁
An Analysis of Presupposition in Advertising Language
论文作者 程二奇
论文导师 郑永福,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 专门史
论文单位 郑州大学,点击次数 108,论文页数 64页File Size2951k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_51928752/ 行业组织,行会,商会,市民社会,近代中国
craft organizations; guild; chamber of commerce; civil society;modern China
本文考察了中国行业组织在近代的历史变迁，对诸种行业组织在近代的状况进行了多方面的描述，比较了它们之间的异与同，并在新的理论模式下，力图诠释出作为整体传承的中国行业组织在近代中国社会中所扮演的历史角色。 文章共分为六个部分。 第一、第二、第三和第四部分，分别描述行会、会馆和公所、同业公会及商会等不同的行业组织。主要是讨论他们各自的产生、功能以及自身在近代中国的不同表现。这部分主要讨论行会的出现、行会的功能和行会在近代的变化等三个问题。行会产生于隋唐时期，经过宋代的不断发展，至明清时期成为一种比较完善的行业组织。也正是在明清时期，由于社会经济的巨大发展，传统行会组织新的表现形式会馆和公所产生。会馆和公所虽然是行会性的行业组织，但在新的社会背景下，有其自身的特点和功能。会馆大多以地域为链，公所大多以行业为基，同时他它们又具有一些共同的特性。鸦片战争后，传统的行会组织以会馆和公所为主要形式，进入了新的发展阶段。由于社会分科化已渐成历史主流，以同乡性质为主的会馆在近代虽曾有一定程度的发展，但仍不可避免地逐渐被同乡会替代，而以同业性质为主的公所也逐渐向着具有明显近代化行业性质的同业公会演化。与此同时，近代的专门商人群体组织商会产生。如果说传统行会在近代其中世纪的封闭性还十分明显的话，商会则已逐渐的摆脱了这些旧有的特性，从其组织形式、活动和作用可以看出，商会连接了传统与现代的两极，为中国的近代化做出了应有的贡献。 第五部分，是比较中的审视。对各种行业组织在近代的演变做一比较，同时在近代化的背景下，揭示出它们作为一个整体，其内在的传承与变化。在这一部分中，还运用了“市民社会”的理论，以此为视角，探视出行业组织在具有市民社会特征的城市社会经济中，组成了一个相对宽松的自由群区，在这个群区内，“市民”的日常生活和经济生产既和管理部门有一定的关联，同时又有明显的自我调适性，显现出了不同的社会风貌。当然必须承认，近代中国的市民社会与西方的是截然不同的。但这个理论的运用为我们多视角的观察近代中国，多元化的思考近代社会，无疑提供了一个契机。而这些初步的体会，在第六部分结束语中做了扼要总结。
The paper studied the transition of craft organizations in modern China, described the situation of all kinds of craft organizations in that time. Then the paper made comparisons among them and tried the best to reveal their roles in modern Chinese society in which the craft organizations succeeded as a whole.The paper consists of six sections. Its first four sections described the different craft organizations of the guild and the chamber of commerce separately, mainly dissussed their won origins, functions and different performances in modern China. The craft organizations" appearances, functions and changes in modern times were the main three problems discussed. The guild originated in the Sui-Tang dynasty, developed in the Song dynasty, became a relatively sound craft organization in the Ming-Qing dynasty, during which time, because of the great progress in economics, some new patterns of the guild appeared. Under the new situation, they had their own characteristics and functions. However, the had some in common. After the opium war, the new patterns of guild entered into newly developing stage. Because the social specialization had been the main stream of history development, the new patterns of guild were replaced by other newer patterns, one of which was the chamber of commerce. From tis organization forms, activities and functions we can see that it linked the traditional guild with the modernity and made contributions to China"s modernization.The fifth section is the review among those comparisons. I made comparison of the evolutions in modern times among all kinds of craft organizations, and revealed their internal successions and changes as a whole under the background of modernization. In this part, I used the "civil society" theory, and directed by it to find that in the civil society economics with civil society characteristics, the guild organization had formed a relatively loose and free field. In such field, the citizens daily livings and economic manufacture were not only connected the administrations to some extent, but also had obvious self-adjusting capacity, showed different societies" feature. But we must acknowledge that the modern China"s civil society is different from the western. By using this theory, it supplied us a chance to observe modern China multiangularly dan multiplexly. These preliminary grasp had been summurised in the sixth section.
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