论文标题:论波普的规律观
The Research of the Course of Sports Information Distortion in Mass Media
论文作者 汤本顺
论文导师 董国安,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 科学技术哲学
论文单位 华南师范大学,点击次数 131,论文页数 58页File Size2568k
2005-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_5448192/ 波普;规律;规则;结构;历史规律
Popper ; law ; regularity; structure ; historical law
早期波普对规律的解释主要是:(1) 规律特征是严格全称陈述;(2) 规律是个“禁令”,是经验可反驳的;(3) 规律在所有时间和空间中都是真的;(4) 规律是经验事件重复的规则性。这时波普对规律的理解完全是规则观的。内格尔认为“严格全称陈述”不是规律的充分条件,我的分析表明,它也不是规律的必要条件,规律一定要在边界条件下才有效。这对波普的证伪主义是一个威胁。波普接受了Kneale观点,从1959年以后转向了结构观,开始从本体论层面来讨论规律的定义。波普强调出规律具有物理必然性,这种物理必然性在于具有本体论意味的事物内部的结构。波普的结构观在初始条件、自然必然性定义、可能世界等方面遇到很多问题,后来的一些哲学家就是从上述方面试图解决波普结构观留下的问题。本文指出虽然他们并未真正解决波普的问题。但是他们为规律问题的研究指出了一些进路。Hanzel的对初始条件的理解和对可能世界的重建是值得我们借鉴的。波普在论述规律的同时,必然对历史规律问题发表看法。他根据规则观,否认有历史规律,因为 (1) 历史事件是不可重复的;(2) 历史事件不可以检验;(3) 趋向不是规律;(4) 历史不可以预言。本文发现他在1959年以后对归纳方法的批判和对概率的倾向性解释中提出的:(1) 重复性是心理学上的相似性,(2) 基础陈述有超验性,(3) 趋向具有结构性。几乎把历史无规律的所有关键的论据都反驳了,他的历史无规律的观点也就自然崩溃了,但是他还终身坚持历史无规律的观点。波普在自然规律和历史规律上持有的双重规律标准是他思想体系的一个严重的缺陷。
Karl Popper gave some primary explanations about the law in 1934, and they are:l) the characterization of laws is strictly universal statements;2)the law is a ban. which can be experienced in the actual word;(3) the law is true in all spaces and times;4)the law is regularity of repetitions of the matter of the actual word; So his law view is the regularity view in this age. Ernest Nagel suggested that the characterization of laws as strictly universal statements is insufficient. By analyzing law, I suggest that the characterization of laws as strictly universal statements is unnecessary. That the characterization of laws as strictly universal statements is unnecessary is badly endangering his falsificationism Popper accepted a criticism that was gave by W.Kneale. He thought the natural necessity is an essence of matter, which is expressed by the laws. So Kneale gave the necessitarian explanation about the law, and his the necessitarian view is ontological. The natural necessity is an expression of the structure of matter that it is ontological assumption, which is a structure view about the law. The structure approach has some trouble in some aspects, such as the initial conditions the definition of natural necessity . possible worlds. Some philosophers attempted to get rid of Popper"s these trouble, and some of them didn"t solve these problems, but them gave some good guides for research of the law. Igor Hanzel made some good attempt to solve Popper"s problems by statement of initial condition and reconstruction of possible worlds. According to Popper"s regularity view in 1934, he explained the historical law .He asserted that there is not law in history because of the following ideas: 1) historical affairs cannot be repeated;2) historical affairs cannot be verified;3) tendency(propensity) in history is not law;4)history cannot be predicted. Acoording to his criticism on the theories of induction along with his propensity explanation in probability after 1959,1 asserted the follow assertions :1) the repe ition is similarity in someone"s mind;2)the basic statements is beyond experience;3)the structure of matter is kind of propensity. So the assertions have almost overthrown all the critical proof of the view that there is not law in history, then his view that there is not law in history naturally collapsed, but he still insisted on his view above during all his life. Popper have different law criterions in scientific law and historical law is a serious limitation of his idea.
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