论文标题:太平天国奠都之初天京城市管理研究
The Study on the urban Administration at the Initial Stage of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom in Its Capital Naning
论文作者 侯竹青
论文导师 朱从兵,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 广西师范大学,点击次数 89,论文页数 75页File Size797k
2005-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_552388777/ 太平天国; 天京; 城市管理
the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom; Nanjing; urban adminitration
城市是统治者控制的中心和重点,统治者对城市尤其是京都地区的管理体现了统治者的意志,也折射出统治者思想深层的某些东西。太平天国以上帝教立国,在这种意识形态的支配下,太平天国的许多制度与以往农民起义相比都有其独特性。天京作为太平天国的政治、军事中心,太平天国对其管理措施是否得当,反映了太平天国决策层执政水平的高低,关系着太平天国的生死存亡。但长期以来,学术界对太平天国治下的天京却缺乏深入而系统的研究。因此从天京城市管理的角度对太平天国的历史进行观察和思考,会得出新的见解,有助于人们更加全面、深入的了解此段历史,这正是本文的价值所在。本文以历史辨证唯物主义为指导,主要应用传统史学的方法:文献法,即以考证确切的事实、太平天国文献、清方史料及私家记载、日记为根据,然后进行分析、归纳、总结,对不能确定的事实,作一推测,但不妄断,以求言之有据,立论公允。内容上,本文以天京城市管理为主线,侧重探讨奠都之初太平天国对天京城市管理的变迁、得失、后果及太平天国决策层对此的反应,并在此基础上对太平天国的城市管理作出评价。具体内容包括人口管理、教养政策、经济管理、治安秩序管理及城防建设和防务五个方面。南京与广西地区有不同的特征,处于设官守据阶段的太平天国所面临的形势也与流动作战时大为不同;太平天国政权是一个新生的农民政权,其决策层既没有受过系统的政治训练,也没有执政经验,他们的一切政策和举措深受传统社会中已有的经验和行军中形成的经验(这种经验与其社会理想是分不开的)的影响。受客家人习俗和行军中妇女作用的影响,太平天国在东下途中和进入天京后采取“多多益善”的妇女政策,战争环境和公有制度的实施使定都之初天京城中人口性别比例处于不协调的状态。为了有效的管理这些人口,太平天国政府对原有的社会结构进行了改造:废除了作为管理民众基本单位的家庭,按照军事编制把军民组织起来,并把行军过程中形成的严别男女制度略加变通运用到天京人口管理中。但这种以严刑峻法为后盾的政策遭到了军民有形无形的抵抗,加大了太平天国约束、控制军民的难度,迫使太平天国决策层改弦易辙,废除了这种不合情理的制度。与此同时,过多的妇女也没有起到如太平天国领导人所期望的作用,反而成为太平天国的沉重负担。这些因素促使太平天国领导人重新调整政策,使天京的人口比例在战时情况下处于相对合理的状态,同时采取家庭和馆衙制度相结合的人口管理政策。为了树立起太平天国政府的合法权威,太平天国也注重对军民进行思想教化,这不利于吸收知识分子,但对于一般军民而言,则起到了兴奋剂的作用。上述政策的调整,是太平天国度过军事危机、处于相对优势的重要原因,也为太平天国前期军事上达到鼎盛奠定了基础。太平天国对经济的具体管理措施与其经济政策有密切的关系。太平天国的经济政策,就手工业而言是国有政策,在具体管理方面存在失误。但太平天国在天京的商业政策则一波三折,屡加变更,先后经历了放、禁、弛、禁、放五个阶段,反映了太平天国领导人的矛盾心态,也表现了他们的务实精神,与其相适应的具体管理基本上值得肯定。值的赞赏的是太平天国对社会秩序的管理系统严密而有效。太平天国进入天京后在天京原有城防的基础上进行了建设,从而奠定了良好的军事防务基础。太平天国决策层虽忽视对水军的建设造成了某些损失,但
A city is the center and emphasis of the ruler’s domination.The urban administration of the ruler in the capital shows the ruler’s will and reflects his deeply thoughts.Different from traditional society, the government of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom founded its state on the God’s religion,which led to many special systems.Whether the urban administraton of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom in Nanjing as the political and military center was right or not showed the decision-makers’abilities of governing state and decided its life and dead.However,the academic circles have not deeply studied on it for a long time,That I do research on it in the perspective of urban administration contributes us to understanding the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom deeply and all-roundly.This is exactly value that this text is studied. Under the guide of the dialectical materialism,I use the traditional history method in the article. Namely based the verified facts,the documents of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom,its opponments’historical material, private records and diaries, I make analysis,induction and summarization.I conjecture about the unverified material without jumping to a conclusion in order to make my conclusion build on dependent proof and be neutral. As far as the content is concerned,i inquire into the vicissitudes, gains and losses,the consequence of the urban administration of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom in Nanjing and its decision-makers’reaction on these policies.At last,I give an assessment on the urban administration at the initial stage of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom in its capital Nanjing,This article includes the control of population,cultivated policy,economical management,orderly control,the construction of city defense and defence. The Taiping Heavenly Kongdom faced a different situation after it established its capital in Nanjing whose characteristic was different from Guangxi’.The regime of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom was a new one established by peasants .Because its leaders did not received systematic political disciple and had no political experience,the policies of urban administration derived from existed experience in the society and from formed experience in the course of advancing to Nanjing.The latter was related to its social ideal.Kejia people’s habits and practices with women’s pole in the army had an effect on the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom. The government of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom enforced women’s policy which was the more,the better in the course of advancing to Nanjing and in Nanjing.As a result, the sexal proporation of population in Nanjing was out of banance in the publicly-owned system and in the situation of war. In order to control people effectively,the government of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom transformed the former social structure,abolished the families as fundmental units controlling people,organized the people and soldiers in the form of the army and enlarged the policy separating women from men into Nanjing city,which was resisted by people and soldiers in the formal or informal way. As a result,the government had more difficuity in controlling people and was forced to change and abolish the unrational policy.At the same time,more women not only couldn’t play the role in the life as the leaders had anticipated ,but also brought about heavy burden on the government of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom.The proporation of population in Nanjing was rational after the government of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom adjusted policy again.the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom payed attention to the control of people’s idea,which couldn’t interest the intellectual,but could inspire the general people.Regulating policies accounted for military pinnal of the Taiping Heavenly Kongdom .Its special economic management was linked to its economic policy.The policy of state-owned handicraft proved some mistake.And the policy concerning business went through five stages.The process demonstrated paradoxical mind and practical spirit of the leaders of Taiping Heavenly Kongdom.But its special
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