论文标题:国际航空运输的民事责任制度研究
Research on Civil Liability System of International Aviation Transportation
论文作者
论文导师 肖鹏,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 国际法学
论文单位 中国海洋大学,点击次数 547,论文页数 58页File Size631K
2005-12-30论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_5525887/
the Warsaw Convention;liability limit; strict liability; double standard rule
摘要正文:人类航空活动具有天然的国际性,这决定了航空法的国际性。为了建立一个国际航空私法的完整体系,不论责任在何地造成,也不论索赔请求在何地提起,都能确保适用统一的法律,国际社会在1929年制定了《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》(简称华沙公约),从此以华沙公约及其后修订文件组成的华沙体系成为调整国际民用航空运输的基础性法律框架体系。华沙公约是国际统一实体法的成功范例之一,被世界上多数国家所接受,并且涵盖了国际旅客和货物航空运输领域。它在其特定的适用范围内对国际航空运输规定了具体的规则,同时对各国的国内法也产生了很大的影响。华沙公约规定了旅客、行李和货物、延误等三种航空运输的责任形态,这些责任形态在不同法系之间、不同国家的司法实践中存在不同的解释和适用,本文在比较研究的基础上进行了归纳总结。它为承运人设置了推定过失的归责原则和承运人责任限额,这两项规则是华沙公约的灵魂所在,也是此后历次修订的核心问题。华沙公约生效后,就开始了对其责任限额不断修订的过程,这个过程可以说是漫长而艰难。经过1955年《海牙议定书》、1961年《瓜达拉哈拉公约》、1966年《蒙特利尔协议》、1971年签订的《危地马拉议定书》、1975年《蒙特利尔附加议定书》及1999年《蒙特利尔公约》的修订,责任限额不断提高,体现了提高限额甚至取消限额的发展趋势,规则原则也相应发生变化,从推定过失责任原则逐渐向严格责任原则过渡,最终形成了1999年《蒙特利尔公约》所确定的双梯度归责原则这样独特的架构。从1929年《华沙公约》到1999年《蒙特利尔公约》,整整70年的时间,国际航空私法公约完成了它的一体化和现代化,从而使规范国际航空运输的法律制度走向完整、统一,展现在我们面前的是一个全新的法律制度。在国际航空法发展早期,国家间签订的双边或多边条约起着主要甚至全部的调整作用,但发展到二十世纪六、七十年代,承运人间关于规定责任限额的协议逐渐兴起。为了旅客利益以及在美国政府的压力之下,许多从事国际运输的航空公司联合采取行动,放弃华沙公约体系中对他们的赔偿责任的限额,并对一定赔偿金额之内的索赔要求,自愿放弃华沙公约体系中所赋予航空承运人的抗辩权。1999年蒙特利尔公约已在中国生效,中国应在国际运输中直接适用公约的规定,同时在国内航空法律中积极借鉴公约的规则,借鉴公约的责任形态和归责原则,引入保险机制、责任限制、伸缩条款等机制,及时修订民航法规,解决延误、旅客伤亡赔偿等热点问题,促进我国民航运输的健康发展。
Natural internationalism of human aviation activity determines the internationalism of aviation law. To build an integrated international private air law system,no matter where a liability is caused and a claim compensation happens to ensure that an united law is applicable, international community constituted the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air(the Warsaw Convention)in 1929. Then Warsaw System composed of the Warsaw Convention and documents revised thereafter is regarded as a basic law system to regulate international civil aviation transportation. The Warsaw Convention is one of success example of international unity substantive law, which covers fields of world traveler and freight air traffic, accepted by most countries in the world. It regulates concrete rules for international aviation transportation in its specific scope of application as well as sets a great effect on the domestic law of each country. The Warsaw Convention regulates three aviation transportation liabilities of traveler, luggage and freight, which have different explanation and application in different family of law and different judicial practice of countries. The article presents an induction and summary on the basis of comparative research of the above. The Warsaw Convention set up the supposed fault responsibility and carrier liability limitation, which is soul of the Warsaw Convention and core amended all previous hereafter. After the Warsaw Convention was executed, the liability limit has started its long and hard continuously amendment. After the amendment of The Hague Protocol in 1955, Guadalajara Convention in 1961, Montreal Treaty in 1966, Guatemala Protocol in 1971, Montreal Additional Protocol in 1975 and Montreal Convention in 1999, the liability limit has been increasing constantly through which a development trend of limit improving or dissolving has been well realizing, from the change of constructive fault obligation principle to principle of strict liability gradually, the unique system of double standard system of legal liability was determined at the very end in Montreal Convention in 1999. With a full of 70 years from the Warsaw Convention in 1929 to Montreal Convention in 1999, international private air law has finished its integration and modernization, and international aviation transportation law system reaches its completeness and unity, then a fresh law system is presented before us. Early in international air law development, bilateral and multilateral treaty signed between states has been taking largely effects, however, until 1960s to 1970s, agreement of liability limit between carriers has been rising gradually. For benefits of travelers, under pressure from American government most airlines engaged in international transportation have taken an alliance action to give up their limit of liability for compensation and waive their right of pleadings to claim to internal certainty damages in the Warsaw System. The Montreal Convention went into effect in China in 1999, China should directly apply rules in the convention, simultaneously, use rules in the
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