论文标题:清代天山北路人口迁移与区域开发研究
A Research and Investigation into the Population Immigration of North Piedmont Mountain Tianshan of the Qing Dynasty
论文作者 阚耀平
论文导师 葛剑雄,论文学位 博士,论文专业 历史地理学
论文单位 复旦大学,点击次数 74,论文页数 126页File Size6220k
2003-04-30论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_565094752/ 天山北路;移民;区域开发;屯垦
north piedmont Mountain Tianshan;immigration; regional develop;cultivation
清代以前，天山北路是一个以游牧业为主要生产方式的地区，属于新疆草原文化的范畴。清乾隆二十年代时期，随着清朝对准噶尔战争的胜利，移民实边屯垦成为清政府开发新疆的主要政策，清政府利用各种优惠政策吸引内地民众或强行迁移一些团体到天山北路，从事大规模的农业生产活动，从东部的巴里坤、经乌鲁木齐，西到伊犁地区，展开了以农业屯垦为主的区域开发。清后期，天山北路的生产方式已经变成了以农业为主要生产方式的地区。 本文从人口迁移入手，分天山北路东部地区和西部地区两个区域，对清代移民人口的类型、数量、迁入方式、区域开发的形式等方面进行了深入分析，探讨了人口迁移和区域开发之间的相互关系。指出清代天山人口迁移是政府指导下的强制行为，迁入的人口多是按照政府制定的政策从事相关的活动，迁入的人口主要是以农业生产为主，在西部伊犁一带迁入的东北移民同时具有防守边疆的重任。本文分析认为，天山北路的东部地区，移民的类型主要是以屯垦为主的户屯、遣屯、兵眷屯、商屯等几个形式，移民的主要来源是陕、甘等邻近地区的贫苦农民。西部地区迁入的人口类型较为复杂，锡伯族、察哈尔蒙古等移民在镇守边疆的同时，也从事部分农业开发，南疆地区移入的维吾尔族则主要是从事农业屯垦，哈萨克、土尔扈特蒙古则主要以游牧业为主。 本文以吉木萨尔县为靶区，探讨了人口迁移、农业开发与区域环境之间的相互关系，得出清代吉木萨尔地区的人地关系处在一个良性的循环之中，人口迁入的数量、土地开发的力度没有超越环境承载力的限度，在水资源的地域分配、森林的覆盖等几个方面的环境因子变化不大。 本文最后探讨了由于人口迁移所形成的文化景观现象，如地名景观、语言景观、宗教景观和城镇景观等相关的文化现象，这些文化因子是移民在天山北路生产、生活的表现形式，是移民与当地文化相互整合的结果。
Before Dynasty Qing, north piedmont Mountain Tianshan is a traditional nomady production area, which belongs to the prairie community culture of Province Xinjiang. From the 20th year to the 30th year of the imperial calender of Emperor Qian Long of Dynasty Qing, along with the victory of Battle Zhun Ge"r of Government Qing, "immigration station troops and cultivation" to be the main policy of Xinjiang development. Government Qing attracts inlanders to north piedmont Mountain Tianshan by a lot of preferential policies. And to promote the large-scale agriculture production, from east Balikun, across Urumqi, to the west Yili, all expands the agriculture production regional development. In the later Dynasty Qing, north piedmont Mountain Tianshan is a agriculture production area.North piedmont Mountain Tianshan is divided into the east and the west areas, it is on this basis that we investigate Dynasty Qing immigration"s population type, size, immigration method and regional development status of the population immigration, explore the interacted function between population immigration and regional development. Point the Mountain Tianshan"s population immigration is executed by Government Qing"s guide. The immigrated population are engaged in government enacted trades, mainly are agriculture production related. The immigration of west Yi Li that come from northeast China even act as frontier protector. In east area, the immigration types are commoner stations, exiled criminal stations, military dependant stations and commercial stations, all engage in cultivation. The immigration resources are mainly poor farmers from nearby Province Shan Xi and Gan Su. And the immigration resources of west area are more complex. The Xi Bo nationality and Cha Ha"r Mongol nationality are cultivating when protecting the frontier. The Uigur nationality from South Xinjiang is mainly on cultivation. The Kazak nationality and Tu"r Hu Te Mongol nationality are mainly on nomady production.Here example Jimusar County, to explore the relationship of population immigration, agriculture development and the area environment. Conclusion that it"s a benign circulation of county Jimusar in Dynasty Qing. The size of immigration and the agricultural cultivation are not beyond the tolerance of the environment. Also the water distribution and forest coverage these environment elements are not changed greatly.Fnally, we discuss the cultural landscape which is resulted from population immigration, e.g. toponymy landscape, linguistic landscape, religion landscape and townish landscape. These culture elements are the representation of north piedmont Mountain Tianshan immigration"s production and living, the combination of immigration culture and local culture.
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