论文标题:近代广西商会述论
A Study on the Chambers of Guangxi in Modern China
论文作者 蒋霞
论文导师 谭肇毅,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 广西师范大学,点击次数 70,论文页数 41页File Size2075k
2000-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_59266192/ 商会;牙行;行会;会馆;会员大会;社团;近代化
the Chambers of commerce,broker,guilds,guild halls,the members conference,society,modernization
关于近代商会的性质，国内学者普遍认为它是一种具有资产阶级属性的商人团体，是以近代中国资本主义工商业缓步发展及民族资产阶级力量增长为依托组建的，这是它的阶级属性。同时也认为，近代商会并非纯粹意义上的商业团体，据1914年刊行的《商人通例》界定，“商人”为商业主体之人，而“商业”则包括了买卖业、借贷业、制造业、加工业、出版业、银行业等行业。因此它包罗了商业及部分工业行业，即涉及商品流通及商品生产过程。朱汉国先生认为“这种把近代工业企业团体依附在商业团体内的情形，反映了中国从传统农业社会向工业社会过渡中资金流向商业多于产业的特点……”，即马克思所谓的资本主义以前的商业资本的特征；商业资本占主导。这实际上反映了中国社会近代化进程中落后的一面。 中国近代社会处于转型时期，许多历史事们：都蕴含着过渡性的时代特征，演绎历史的变动过程。近代商会组织的发展概况也许是沧海一粟，但它同样具有进步与落后的双重特征，在守旧中求突破，在变动中求适应，是近代社会发展的历史印证。进步性与滞后性是近代商会的两大特征，具体表现：一是，中国商会的产生，其组织模式是借鉴西方商会的定例，章程也是以西方商会章程为参照而设计的。1902年时，盛宣怀饬令上海各业商董组建上海商业会议公所：“仿照西人总会章程，按时集议。”而全国其他各地商会的章程，多“参照沪会章程”而立，西方商会的介绍和引进是近代中国的有识之士们寻求富国图强的方法之一。其组织结构、性质及功能等都是参考和借鉴的对象，闪此，中国商会在一套成热的模式影响下产生，这是一种进步。二是，商会是一种中介组织。能在商品流通过程起中介作用的类似组织，中国历史上有：牙行，汉代已出现，主要特点是：牙商们不从事生产，不经营商业，只是从中剥削贸易双方。到盾期走向垄断，严重阻碍了商品流通和自由买卖；封建行会，其发展经历了从商业行会到商人会馆的过程。商业行会大致生产于隋唐，为了应付官府的控制、苛捐勒索及保护同行，商人们以行会形式组织起来，但该组织结构松散，也无固定的聚集场所。至明清，在原有商业行会基础上，兴起商人会馆、商业公所等组织，它们通过统一分配货物，限定价格等方式约束成员的经营活动，有利于维护同行、同籍商人的经济利益。但在另一方面，它们对外排斥非行产利外来商人，扼杀自由竞争。鸦片战争后，中国逐步卷入世界市场竞争，原有的商品流通环节已不能适应近代经济发展的新形势，封建行会的保守及落后性愈加严重，商会作为新型的商人社团便应运而生。它突破了行业、同乡同籍的界限，是中国商人社团近代化的一种进步。彭泽益先生认为，1904年商部通令各省城市旧有商业行会，公所会馆等名目的组织，一律改组为商会，才逐步改变传统行会性质，使其具有资产阶 级组织的鲜明特色。三是，相对西方国家商会，中国询会的发展总体上是滞后的。商会作为 经济型社团，是社会生产力与生产大系发展的必然结果。叫方滴会产生与资本主义生产方式 相适应，它从属于产业资本，为整个弘会生产和再生产过程的持续发展提供服务。而近代中 国的商业，一方面新式商业随着外国资本主义势力侵入及本国经济的发展而山现；另一方面 旧式商业即中国原有的封建性商业奶存。因此，近代中国湘现的民族资本主义商业是过渡型 商业，那么根植于这种基础的商会必然带有浓郁的半封建半殖民地的色彩。最突山表现在商 会内部成员结构复杂。一是，与帝国主义势力保持千丝万缕关系的买办在商会里占据一席之 地。如，上海总商会的上层机构董事会，42人中有 19人山身买办，I‘145．2％。l是，有的 商会揉合一些封建行会在内。桂林商会筹备之时，“帮界观念甚浓，分为广东、江西、湖南、 本地四帮”，后经多方协调，各会馆和同业公会在权利义务平等原则下进行洽谈，组成桂林 总涵会。许多会馆、公所也成为上海总涌会“合帮会员”的重婴组成部分。由于成分复杂， 内部的分化不可避免，也就大人削弱了油会在社会变革1川fJ作川。 广西地处岭南地区，高大的山脉蔡绕四周。成为）’丫q与中原地区的大然屏陌，历代史书 皆称之为边唾之地．在近代，全国各地汹会发展此消彼K，热闹非凡。那么广西的情况如何？ 近代广西商会成立的时代背景与全国各地为数众多的商会基本相似，但在广西特定的社会与 地域环境影响下，它又汕具特色。 近代广西商会大都借鉴外省的经验，依法设立。经过一段时间的发展，其组织和管理机 构日趋完善：设置会员大会（最高权力机构）和常务执行机构；严格规范人会成员的资格； 制定明确的财务管理制度等。建立合理的内部管理制度，保隙了商会组织有效运转。也说明 商会在组织形式上比行会与会馆更进步。 商会成立后，在利益趋同下，与政府间的关系日益密切，政府为简会发展提供政治庇护， 保持较稳定的发展空?
It"s commonly acknowledged by the domestic sdtolarsthal the nature of modern chambers of commerce is asort of society witli the attribute of bourgeoisie. Their establishment relied on the slow progress of bourgeois industry and commerce and the increase of the power of the national bourgeoisie in modern china. This was the classical attribute of the chambers. At the same time, the chambers were not taken as a sort of society purely for business. According to the Regulation for Merchants issued in 1914, "merchants" were the men who formed t he main body of business while "commerce" included some different trades like buying and selling, borrowing or lending money, inanufacturig, processingi publishing and banking. Thus, the chambers covered business and some processing industries that involved in the circulation and production of commodities. Mr. Zhu Hanguo believed that"the attaching of the modern industrinal enterprises lo the commercial associations embodied the characteristic that more capital flowed into commerce than industry in the course of transition from the traditional cliinesc agricultural society to industrial society . . . "This was also the characteristic of commercial capitalbefore the establishment of capitalism, which was hold by Karl Marx---- commercialcapital played a leading role. In effect, this displayed the backwardness of the modernization of the Chinese society.As we know, the Chinese modern society was in the period of transformation. Many historical events embodied transitional qualities and depicted the transform! tivc process of history. The development of modern chambers of commerce might be a drop in the buchet, but it was unavoidably characterized by progress and backwardness. The efforts to renovate the conservative society and to adapt the turbulent age were the history confirmation of the development of modern society, The two major characteristicsof the modern chambers, progress and backwardness could be seen in the following aspects.First, the organization mould of the chambers used the experience of the usual practice of western chambers and their regulations were the imitation of that of the western chambers. In 1902, Sheng Huaixuan ordered the directors of all sorts of trades in shanghai to set up the chambers of commerce and he further instructed them*to imitate the rules of western chambers and to meet and discuss at. regular intervals". And the regulations of the chamers of other provinces mostly consulted that of shanghai. To introduce and practise the western chambers of commerce in modern china was one of the ways for the Chinese witli breadth of vision to seek wealth and strength of the country. The structure, nature and functions of the Chinese chambers used the reference of that of the western ones. Therefore, one progressive aspect of the Chinese chambers lay in the fact that the mature mould which helped to bring forth their establishment.Second, the chambers of commerce was a sort of intermediary organ. The reseuibl ing organs which played an intermediary role in tin- circulation of commodities inChinese history were as follows. First one was brokers which first appeared in Handynasty. The main characteristic of the brokers was that, not being engaged in productionand commerce, the brokers exploited the both sides of trades, second one was the feudal guilds which developed from commercial, guilds to guild hails. The former approximately appeared in sui dynasty and Tang dynasty. To deal with the control of the governments, resist the multifarious taxes and protect the interests of the merchants of the same trade or" occupation, the merchants set up the gui Ids which were loosely organized wit hout fix place for get together. Evolving from the guilds, guilds halls sprang up in Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty. Assigning the merchandise in unified way and control! ing the prices, these organs restrained the management of the members to protect the economic interests of the merchants of same trade and birthplace. On the other hand, their exclusion
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