论文标题:亚当·斯密经济伦理思想研究
An Inquiry into Adam Smith"s Thoughts of Economic Ethic
论文作者 聂文军
论文导师 邓安庆,论文学位 博士,论文专业 伦理学
论文单位 湖南师范大学,点击次数 122,论文页数 323页File Size18958k
2003-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_60386137/ 经济,伦理,经济学,伦理学,亚当·斯密问题,自由主义,个人主义,重农学派,自由,自然秩序,自利,正义,同情,经济人,看不见的手,谨慎,仁慈,德性
economic ethic,economics,ethics,the Adam Smith Problem,liberalism,individualism,physiocracy,liberty,natural order,self - interest,justice,sympathy,Economic Man,Invisible Hand,prudence,beneficence,virtue
随着社会现实的发展，经济伦理学作为经济学与伦理学之间的一门交叉的或边缘性的学科日渐兴盛。经济学与伦理学在体系或形式上的最初分野无疑始于亚当·斯密，亚当·斯密的经济伦理思想是我们研究经济伦理的最宝贵的初始理论资源。研究斯密的经济伦理思想，不仅有助于更深刻完整地理解斯密的经济学理论，从而建构切合我国实际的经济学理论，指导我国社会主义市场经济的伟大实践；而且对适应我国社会主义市场经济的道德建设具有借鉴意义(第一章)。 亚当·斯密(1723—1790)生活于十八世纪。整个欧洲的文化传统、他所处时代的哲学思潮是产生其经济伦理思想的理论基础，尤其是重农学派和大卫·休谟、弗兰西斯·哈奇森、贝纳德·曼德威尔对斯密的思想产生了直接的影响(第三章)。正在形成和发展中的自由主义把维护个人私有财产，排除他人、国家和社会对个人的一切正当活动的强制与约束放在首位；个人主义强调个人利益、个人价值的中心地位，认为个人本身才是目的，而社会只是达到个人目的手段。因为自由是个人的自由，个人是自由的个人，自由主义与个人主义是紧密相联、不可分割的。法国重农学派的经济思想给予斯密很大的启迪，特别是该派以“自然秩序"为核心的伦理观念为斯密所继承和发展。在直接影响斯密的思想家中，最重要的莫过于休谟；休谟对同情的探讨和把德性与社会的经济因素联系起来进行考察的特点，都为斯密所继承和发展。哈奇森的直接教育以及他的道德情感论思想，直接激发了他对道德情操问题的思考和写作；而曼德威尔关于“私恶即公利”的偏激思想和言论，促发了斯密对交换、分工和“看不见的手”的伦理价值的思考和说明。 本文的创新主要在于从斯密的著述中梳理出他对“亚当·斯密问题”的解决方案，并以他对经济(学)与伦理(学)关系的把握为出发点来梳理和建构其经济伦理思想(第二章)。本文认为对于“亚当·斯密问题”的非比即彼的不同看法都只是看到了斯密对经济(学)与伦理(学)关系的矛盾性把握的一个方面。在斯密的内心里或潜意识层面上，他早已形成了对“亚当·斯密问题”的解决方案，这就是:一方面，他通过旁观者的同情过程所形成的道德约束，使个人的利己冲动受到约束，尽量保持在不伤害他人的范围内，并由此给予利他的行为以相当的发展空间，通过人们之间的相互情感作用与评价过程来协调经济与伦理、人性的利己与利他的关系;另一方面，他通过“看不见的手”这一市场机制，在体制的、制度的层面上说明了个人的利己行为自发地产生利他的道德结果，从而解决了自利与利他的矛盾。同时，我们还可以对“亚当·斯密问题”进行社会学的考察，即把这一“问题”作为一个蕴涵着经济(学)与伦理(学)关系的关系范畴放在现实历史的发展进程中和学术思想的发展进程中来考察，可以看到，“亚当·斯密问题”呈现为一个辩证的运动过程。 斯密在形成了关于经济与伦理关系的看法之后，把研究工作的重心’厂经济学方面。他把自由、自然秩序、个人自利和正义的这些具有着不同功能和价值的观念作为其经济伦理思想的基础或前提(第四章)，自由、自利和正义等内容或规定是以现实的人为载体，通过行为主体—“经济人”的活动来实现的，“经济人”的活动反映和体现了这些基础性的伦理规定(第五章)。在斯密看来，“经济人”的活动不是杂乱无章的，而是被纳人到一个井然有序的经济结构和制度之中。在分工、交换和看不见的手这些市场运行机制的作用下，实现了个人利己与利他的协调统一(第六章)。在他看来，个人的一切经济行为不仅通过制度的中介作用使得这些行为具有一定的道德性质，而且由于经济生活的内在要求，个人为着自利的目的也应当形成相应的谨慎、正义等德性(第七章)。 斯密的经济伦理思想内容丰富，观点深刻。总的说来，斯密的经济伦理思想，特别是其关于经济(学)与伦理(学)之间相互关系的思想，是近代以来对经济(学)与伦理(学)关系的理论探索的最初阶段，蕴涵着未来思想发展的丰富的理论生长点。斯密的经济伦理思想，对我们的经济学和伦理学的理论思考深有启发，特别是斯密对“亚当·斯密问题”的解决方式，对我们在社会主义市场经济的建设过程中，把“以德治国”和“依法治国”有机地统一起来，提供了理论上的支持 2和指导作用（第八章入
Being an overlapping and marginalizing science between economics and ethics, economic ethics is thriving along with the development of social realities. The original dividing line in system or form between e-conomics and ethics is undoubtedly starting from Adam Smith. Adam Smith" s thoughts of economic ethic are the original theoretical resources of our study of economic ethic.The research of Adam Smith"s thoughts of economic ethic not only help us to understand Smith"s economic theory more profoundly and completely so as to build the economic theory to suit our country"s reality and guid the practice of our socialist market economy, it also serves as a useful reference for our moral construction of socialist market economy.Adam Smith lived in the eighteenth century. The cultural tradition of whole Europe and the philosophical trends of his time were the theoretical bases that produced his thoughts of economic ethic, especially physiocracy and David Hume and Francis Hutcheson and Bernard Mandeville brought about a direct influences upon his thoughts. The forming and developing liberalism gave its priority to vindicating personal owned property, removing the restriction and restrainment from others, countries and societies for individuals" proper actions. Individualism sets private interests and values in the first place, takes the individual - selves as the destination, but society is only the means for bringing about individual destinations. Liberty is individuals" liberty and the individual is liberal individual, so liberalism connects unseper-atedly with individualism. The economic thoughts of French Physiocracy gave many enlightenments to Smith, especially their central concept of Natural Order was inherited and developed by Smith. Among the thinkers who directly influenced him, Hume was the most important man. His research of sympathy and the character of combining thevirtues with the economic factors of society, was wholly inherited anddeveloped by Smith. Hutcheson"s direct teaching and ideas of moral sentiments directly stimulated Smith" s thinking and writing of the questions of moral sentiments. Mandeville" s extreme ideas and speeches about "Private Vices, Public Benefits"aroused his thinking and explanations about the ethical values of exchange of commodity and division of labour and invisible hand.The creativity of this dissertation mainly lies in that i sum up Smith"s resolutions to "the Adam Smith Problem" from his writings and take his grasp about the relation between economy and ethic, economics and ethics as the startpoint of summarizing his thoughts of eco-momic ethic. This paper thinks either this or that opinion of the Adam Smith Problem only catches sight of one side of Smith" s contradictory grasps of the relation between economy and ethic, economics and ethics. Within his heart or at the level of his subconsciousness, Smith had already formed his resolutions to the Adam Smith Problem, these are that, in the one hand, he let moral restraint formed by spectators" sympathizing to limit people"s motives from their self - interests within the extent of not injuring others, and thus gave altruistic actions much space of development, and harmonized the relation between economy and ethics, egoism and altruism of humanity through the process of valuing and sympathizing among people. On the other hand, he explained individual actions from self ? interest to produce automatically beneficial results for others in the systematic level by the market mechanism of Invisible Hand,Thereby resolved the contradiction of self - interest and altruism. At the same time, we may examine the Adam Smith Problem from the standpoint of sociology, take it as a category of relationship which includes the relation between economy and ethic, e-conomics and ethics in the course of realistic development and academic ideas. We can find that this problem shows off a dialectical course of movement.Foil wing his opinions of the relation between economy and ethic,economics and ethics, he transformed the cent
|
