论文标题:清末民初的灾荒与荒政研究（1840—1927）
Research on the Natural Disaster and Relieving Famine Policy from Late Qing Dynasty to Early People"s Republic of China (1840-1927)
论文作者 鲁克亮
论文导师 唐凌,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 广西师范大学,点击次数 117,论文页数 79页File Size1092k
2004-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_668205492/ 清末民初 ; 灾荒 ; 荒政
the late Qing dynasty and the early People’s Republic of china; Natural disaster; Relieving famine polity.
中国是一个多灾多难的国度,历史时期内诸如水、旱、虫、地震等各种灾害频仍发生,踵继而至,对于中国这样以农立国的国度而言,自然灾害的频发使广大劳动人民不时要面对大自然的暴虐,致使以农为业的劳动人民几千年来过着辛酸凄惨的生活,即使在生产力大大发展的今天,自然灾害仍严重地威胁着人类,现在中国和全世界每年因自然灾害而损失的生命财产,难以数计。那么对中国历史上的灾害进行细致地研究,探讨其发生、发展的规律,对今天救灾工作仍不失现实意义。清末民初严重的灾荒被史学界视为中国四大灾害群发期之一,面对如此严重的自然灾害,社会各个阶层都积极行动起来,由此催生了具有近代意义上的新型赈灾模式——义赈,并且随着中国传统社会向近代的转型,中国的荒政也开始了大转折大发展时期即中国荒政的近代化时期。但是关于清末民初义赈和荒政近代化的研究,到目前来说仍然还很薄弱,有关此方面的研究专著还付诸阙如,论文数量也寥寥无几,这与灾荒对人类社会发展所产生的重要影响是不相称的。基于此,本文选取清末民初的荒政为研究对象,时间跨度从 1840 至 1927 年,以此时段中国严重的自然灾害为考察背景。论文第一部分通过时空分布考察了 1840 至 1927 年全国范围内的灾情状况及其所导致的严重社会影响和后果,分析了灾情产生的自然因素和社会因素,并在大量爬梳自然灾害史料的基础上编撰出 1840—1927 年全国各省自然灾害受灾县数表,以具体的统计数字来呈现清末民初灾况的严重性。第二部分探讨了政府和民间在清末民初严重自然灾害救济中的组织和行为,面对如此严重的灾情,晚清政府和北洋政府都采取了相应的应对措施,但由于当时中国特殊的社会背景,再加上政治腐败、财政匮乏和战争频仍等原因,政府已没有实力或无心对救济工作给予更多的关注,荒政的效果也就可想而知了,而与此相对应的民间救灾组织,本着“已饥已溺”之心,超越宗法乡土观念,积极地投入到灾荒救济中去,笔者从同乡组织和行业团体、慈善团体、教会组织和报界四个方面着手,详细分析了民间救灾组织的救灾活动及其新型赈灾模式——义赈的运作方式,同时还就较少被研究者所关注的西方传教士的赈灾活动(即洋赈)进行了论述,并客观公正地评价了西方传教士在中国救灾活动中所起到的作用。通过论述得出,民间救灾团体在中国由传统向近代发展的转型时期,肩负起社会救济的重任,成为社会调节不可或缺的重要力量。第三部分主要是依据近代化的理论,在中国社会近代化发展的背景下,针对清末民初荒政在从传统向近代转变过程中所体现出的近代化特色,分别从近代化的慈善理念、技术手段和体制三个层面分析了荒政近代化发展的过程,并认为其三个方面为近代化荒政体制的建立和完善奠定了基础。从救灾的过程中可以看出,就政府而言,它的社会职能是不完善的,救灾体制也不健全,并且在救灾过程中存在着不少问题,就民间组织而言,传统的社会组织及新兴的社会团体都积极参与到救灾中去,体现了社会力量的兴盛,且由其所发起和主持的民间新型赈灾模式——义赈,经过几十年的探索和发展,终以 1920 年华洋义赈总会的成立为标志,进入成熟阶段,作为一种非官方的救灾模式,在清末民初动荡的时代,承担起了社会救济的重担,但民间救灾团体与政府间的互动关系,以及义赈在社会救济中的实效如何,仍值得我们进行更为深入、系统的研究。
China is much of disasters and calamities in history all kinds of disasters such as floods,droughts, plagues of insects, earthquakes frequently happened in sequence .for the country likeagriculture-based china, the frequent occurrence of natural calamities has caused massivelaboring people to face the natural brutal ness from time to time, and to live a sad and miserablelife over thousands of years even nowadays, the natural calamities are still threatening all thehuman beings. Now the loss caused by natural calamities in china and the other places ifuncountable so careful research into the calamities and exploration to the occurrence anddevelopment law will be of current significance .the period between the end of the man dynastyand the early days of people`s republic of china is regarded as one of the four periods ofconcentrated disaster and calamity occurrence by the historical field.facing such seriouscalamities all walks of the life act actively and speeded up the birth of the means of relievingpeople in the stricken areas-righteous relieving of the people in the stricken areas,with china`sreliving famine transformation from the traditional society to the modern one, china`s securitypolicy has already experienced the big turn and faster development, that is the modernization ofchina`s relieving famine policy. But with regard to the research of the modernization of securityPeople`s Republic of china is still weak, which doesn’t match the main effect of the calamityand security on the human society,Given this, the papers choose relieving famine policy of the period between the end of mandynasty and the early days of people`s republic of china as the research object, and the serousnatural disaster and calamities in between 1840and 1927 as the exploration setting.The first part explores the disaster phenomena in between 1840 and 1927 all over china andthe serious effect and makes use of wistorical information and data to compile the list of thenumber of large amount of historical the stricken counties all over china and analyzs the naturaland social elements of occurrence of the serious natural disasters and calamities .the secondpark explores the organization and behavior of the government and the non governmentorganizations in the disaster relief providing in the period. Facing such serious disasterphenomena, the late man dynasty government and the Bei-Yang government took correspondingmeasures, but due to political corruption, financial shortage, the effect was given a big discount.Contrary to this, nongovernmental organizations actively took part in the calamity and sacristyrelief. From the point of view of the aspects of the association of fellow provincials ortownsmen, the trade organization, the news circle, the papers describes in detail the activities ofthe non-governmental disaster relief providing organizations and the operating means of thedisaster relief pattern of the righteous relief, and it evalues objectively and fairly themissionaries’ disaster relief activities in china. It is clear that the non-governmental disasterrelief organizations bore the heavy burden of the social disaster relief in the transformation from 2the traditional society to the modern society and became an unlackable important strength of thesocial adjustment.The third part, mainly according to the theory of modernization, with regard to thecharacterizes of modernization embodied by the security policy in the period, analyzes themodernization of relieving famine polity from the respective point of view of disaster reliefideas, technical methods and the systems. It is derived from the disaster relief process that as faras the government was concerned, their social functions were incomplete, and the disaster reliefsystems were imperfect and there existed many problems in the disaster relief process in regardto the non-governmental organization, traditional social organizations and new existing groupsboth took active part in the disa
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