论文标题:单位犯罪的整体性研究
A Research on Integrality of Organization Crime
论文作者 郭锐林
论文导师 李希慧,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 法律
论文单位 武汉大学,点击次数 79,论文页数 83页File Size3548k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_673890492/ 组织体;单位犯罪;整体性;立法缺陷;刑罚制度
Organization, Organization crime, Integrality, Legislation deficiency,Punishment system.
单位作为社会组织，在现代社会生活中发挥着重要的作用。而单位在进行社会活动的同时，也会超越法律的界限而实施危害社会的犯罪行为。在刑法理论上，单位犯罪就是指公司、企业、事业单位、机关、团体，出于自己的整体意识和意志，为了其整体利益，故意通过其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员实施的为刑法所禁止的整体的行为或者由于单位自身的整体性过失，违反法律法规而造成的严重危害社会后果的业务或与业务相关的行为。 单位犯罪在现代社会，已经不是个别的现象了。随着我国改革开放和经济的发展，社会活动主体日渐多元化，单位组织的活动范围也处于扩大的趋势中。在现阶段我国社会中，单位犯罪案件也有增多和扩张的趋势，同时，它所带来的社会危害性，也是自然人犯罪所不可比拟的。我国刑法上的单位犯罪，和西方国家的法人犯罪存在着一定的相同之处，但又明显的具有自身的特色。在我国刑法上，是否具备法人资格并不是单位能否构成犯罪的必要条件。在理论上，由于这一点，存在着对单位犯罪这种立法规定的批判或维护的各种解释。同时，在具体的各个问题上，也是众说纷纭，莫衷一是。单位犯罪的本质特征是其整体性，这种整体性表现在：(一)单位主体上，作为组织体，单位由人和物等要素构成，它们具有结构形态、组织体制、规章制度，形成了一个整体的社会活动主体。这种主体的整体性使单位能够成为刑法上的主体，因为它能够结合单位成员的主观意志而形成整体的单位意志，能够整体化单位成员的行为构成单位的整体行为。(二)在单位意志上，体现出来的不是自然人单纯的个人意志，而是经过一定的体制和程序而形成的整体性的意志，在这种整体性意志的支配下，单位进行和实施各种社会活动，也就包括实施单位故意犯罪或过失犯罪。(三)在单位行为上，单位本身不可能具有类似于人的肉体行为，单位行为只能由单位成员的行为来构成。这种单位行为也就具有了整体的性质。(四)在单位犯罪的刑事责任上，单位所承担的也是整体的刑事责任。 基于上述的考察，本文以单位犯罪的整体性为研究的切入点和基本点，围绕着这个基本点，试图对单位犯罪作一个联贯的系统的讨论。文章共分前言、正文和结语三大部分。前言概括地说明了单位犯罪理论研究的发展过程和理论的现状，认为目前在单位犯罪的研究中，缺乏以整体性这一本质特征为切入点和基本点形成系统的理论体系的研究。提出应该更新刑法观念，对单位犯罪要从一个新的视角来探讨。 下文共分为三章：第一章为单位犯罪的现状和理论概述，说明了我国现阶段单位犯罪的现状和特点，也简要地介绍了国外关于法人犯罪的法律制度和理论和我国单位犯罪理论研究的现状，同时界定了单位犯罪概念，以此为基础展开对单位犯罪的整体性理论的讨论。第二章，单位犯罪的整体性理论，是核心部分。在这部分中，着重对单位主体、单位主观意志、单位犯罪行为和单位刑事责任具有的整体性格进行归纳。在讨论中，认为单位组织结合了一定的人和物等要素，形成了一个整体性的主体，这是作为刑法上主体的要件；在主观意志上，单位形成的是整体的意志，在这整体意志支配一一F，为了整体的利益实施故意犯罪或由于整体意志的缺陷而实施过失犯罪；在犯罪行为方面，认为单位犯罪行为是由单位成员的行为所构成的整体性的行为，单位成员的行为，作为单位整体行为的构成要素，失却了完全独立的性格，不能被独立地评价为个人犯罪；而由于单位犯罪的整体性，使单位由此而负担的刑事责任也具有整体性的特征。认为在刑事责任的负担形式上，两罚制或单罚制规定并没有本质的不同，只是一种刑事责任实现方式的选择。第三章，单位犯罪整体性理论的展开，是用整体性理论来对单位犯罪立法、单位犯罪与共同犯罪的联系和区别、单位共同犯罪以及单位犯罪在诉讼法上的一些问题进行解释或确证。认为应该从整体性的立场上来完善单位犯罪立法，从明定单位犯罪的整体性的立场出发，应该就单位犯罪的概念法定化、单位共同犯罪法定化、单位犯罪刑罚制度等方面进行立法完善。此外，用单位犯罪的整体性来解释单位犯罪的实体法上和诉讼法上的问题。 本文的创新点主要在于对单位犯罪整体性这一基本点的讨论，从这一基本点出发，对单位犯罪进行前后贯通的研究形成理论的主线，再展开而探讨单位犯罪的理论层面。同时，文章也不再局限于对单位犯罪构成的分析，而借鉴了民法学、组织行为学等方面的研究成果对单位主体、主观意志和行为进行分析，在更广阔的理论领域里寻找依据，可以说为理论研究提供了一个新的视角。
Society organization has played an important role in areas of economy, politics and culture in modern society. The integrality of organization makes it integrates various factors such as manpower and materials an organization and forms integrality subjective intentions. It also governs its members" all kinds of actions to compose an integral behavior. Organization crime is that such organization as corporate, enterprise, government department and fellowship through its directors and governors or other members who take direct charge for it commits a crime bases on its own intention or offends the law in its operations and cause casualty because its integral neglect or levity.Organization crime in today"s society becomes a serious social problem. The harms of organization crime are deteriorating. In our criminal law, organization crime is similar in some degree with western countries" corporate crime, but has its essential characters. The qualification of corporation is not the indispensable condition to commit organization crime. In theory, this issue results in positive and negative controversies about legislation and judicial interpretation of organization crime. Moreover, many other practical problems are filled with controversies. The essential character of organization crime is its integrality. These can be found on (1) organization structure and configuration. Organization is composed of manpower and material factors and it has structure configuration, organization system and regulations. The integrality of organization makes it possible to integrate the members" intention and actions its own intention and organization behavior. (2) On organization intention, it shows that integral intention formed by members" individual intention through system and process. Controlled by this intention, members conduct the organization operations and actions. (3) On the behavior of organization, because an organization is impossible to operate like a man, organization behavior must be composed of individual"s actions and behaviors. Organization behaviors are also integral because this kind of constitution. And the last, (4) the organization criminalliability also embodies its integrality. To punish both the organization and its directors and governors and other members who take direct charge for it or only punish these members is just a choice of execution of punishment.Legislation of organization crime has achieved advancement. However, we also find a lot of deficiency. From the viewpoint of specifying the integrality of organization crime, we think that the conception of organization crime, organization collusive crime, penal system of organization crime etc. must be legislated. Furthermore, the theory of integrality of organization crime also provides a new view angle for research on legal problems of organization crime, In course of the modernization of criminal law, the constitution of rational theory system of organization crime and the choice of idea on how to fight and prevent organization crime will be the very crucial tasks.According to the above-mentioned problems, the paper regards integrality of organization crime as breakthrough point and basic point in research. Centering on the basic point, we try to make a systematic and consecutive discussion on organization crime. The dissertation is composed of 3 major parts altogether: preface, text and epilogue. The preface has briefly stated the evolution of theoretical research on organization crime and current situation of crimes committed by organizations. It holds that at present the theories of organization crime lack the research on the integrality of organization crime, the essential characteristic and the breakthrough point and basic point, which makes it difficult to form a systematic theory. It also proposes that we upgrade criminal law idea in our research. The text is divided into three chapters altogether: Chapter one shows the current situation of organization crime and theory summary, it also introduces the abroad legal system of corporation cri
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