论文标题:转型时期的中国城市新贫困人口问题研究
The Development Track of Jiangxi Modern Studying Abroad and Its Examination
论文作者 朱富言
论文导师 陈明立,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 人口学
论文单位 西南财经大学,点击次数 29,论文页数 85页File Size617k
2005-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_773707722/ 转型期; 贫困; 城市新贫困
transition phrase; poverty; urban neo-poverty
贫困问题是一个世界性课题,而反贫困始终是当今世界各国所面临的重大主题之一。改革开放以来,我国政府在反贫困等方面取得了举世瞩目的成就,但随着改革开放的进一步深化以及经济发展与工业化、城市化进程的日趋加快,特别是近几年来, 中国人口年龄结构迅速变化所导致的劳动年龄人口的激增,经济结构调整所造成的大批城市职工失业和下岗,以及农村剩余劳动力向城市转移压力的不断加大,就业形势非常严峻。在社会保障制度还不健全的情况下,在我国二元经济结构中又出现了另一个贫困空间——城市中新出现的贫困人口。城市新贫困人口在从上世纪 80 年代中期至今的约 20 年的时间内,其规模数量从无一直攀升到现在的 2100 万人左右,激增的态势十分突出,其蔓延规模之大,扩展速度之快,影响强度之深, 使得城市贫困问题有可能逐渐演化成为一个日益严重的社会问题。城市新贫困人口问题是在社会经济转型期出现的一种人口现象。在经济体制和社会结构调整的过程中,既有的经济秩序受到冲击,影响了经济增长的安全性和社会发展的稳定性。这些冲击的一个重要副产品即导致一部分适应能力较弱的人群陷入贫困,导致城市中部分居民的失业、不充分就业以及城市综合生活费用指数的上扬,造成他们的生活相对或者绝对贫困,成为新的贫困群体。中国城市新贫困问题的一个突出特点是出现了新的群体,表现出了新的时代特征。城市新贫困人口是全国贫困人口的一部分,具有其自身的特点。从我国实际出发,对这一贫困群体予以适当界定,研究其现状和特征,分析其产生原因和对社会的影响,是正确认识和逐步解决城市新贫困人口问题的必要前提。进行城市贫困和反贫困研究,实施有效的社会救助举措,制定城市反贫困战略,不仅具有现实紧迫性,同时对于维护社会稳定与社会公平、促进经济与社会发展,具有十分重要的意义。本文正是基于以上原因,立足于我国的实际状况,立足于对贫困本质的探讨与认识,探索城市新贫困的产生背景与原因、特征及其解2决途径,据此提出减少我国城市新贫困人口数量和缓解城市贫困状况问题的战略对策。论文共分五章 13 节,其主要内容和观点分别是:第一章提出贫困人口与新贫困人口问题。从贫困的概念出发,分别从经济学、社会学和国际专门机构对贫困进行阐述与认识,指出贫困是一个综合的、具体的、相对、动态的概念 ,贫困的概念在不断深入,研究贫困的视角也在不断变化。由此逐步引申出城市新贫困人口的含义,并对城市新贫困的存在性问题在中国、发达国家、发展中国家三者之间进行了判断 。据此从对城市可持续发展的影响、对社会系统的影响、社会保障体系的影响三个方面分析了研究城市新贫困人口的意义。 第二章对城市新贫困人口现象的基本状况、表现形式及基本特征进行了描述。该章主要从规模数量、构成状况、地区分布、行业分布、家庭情况,描述了中国城市新贫困人口的现状,据此指出其具有的相应特征:收入水平低,收入渠道单一消费以满足基本需求为主要特征;物质财富占有极少,并把其与原有城市贫困、农村贫困进行比较。第三章是对贫困问题和城市新贫困人口问题的理论分析。这是全文的认识基础。该章对首先早期贫困理论研究和近代贫困理论进行了简要回顾,包括对早期贫困研究中马尔萨斯、马克思恩格斯相关理论回顾,以及对近代福利主义者学派、基本需要学派、能力学派、个人因素说、贫困文化说、社会环境说以及经济政治结构说的阐述和评价。而对于城市新贫困人口问题,则从基本概念、西方工业化国家的社会经济转型及其贫困化影响、城市新贫困的机理三方面进行了理论认识与理解。这样就确定了城市新贫困人口问题研究的各种理论的共性与基础,看到了城市贫困研究的多维视角,为后文奠定了认识论和方法论基础,为城市新贫困人口现象的分析提供了必要的理论支持。 第四章重点分析了城市新贫困人口问题产生的背景及原因,并对中国城市新贫困人口问题的变动趋势作出了前瞻性预测。本章通过对中国、发达国家和发展中国家的比较研究,分析了城3市新贫困人口产生的背景及原因,从经济结构与布局的调整、城市化进程的加快、城市功能的缺失、社会保障体系改革的缓滞、人口的自然属性现象,贫困者个人微观的背景及原因等角度进行阐述,指出城市新贫困人口的剧增,既与经济发展和增长的初始条件有关,更与体制改革和社会经济转型有关,可以说是改革与发展双重任务和双重矛盾交互作用的结果,是经济结构及其布局调整的必然结果。城市化进程中城市功能缺失城市化水平长期处于低水平,严重割裂了工业化与社会结构现代化的对应关系,落后的社会结构反过来阻碍了工业化进程。同时,社会保障体系改革的滞缓,在社会政策制度的转型过程中未能及时地提供一套新的制度性框架,以防止那些在经济制度和社会转型过程中出现的失业下岗者和其他特殊困难者陷入贫困。而在城市社会政策的某些领域中,由于各种原因而使新体制本身的社会福利目标弱化,或者由于制度设计的原因而使城市居民的有些既得利益丧失,导致城市出现大量新的贫困群体。最后,根据我国的未来社会变化状况,对中国城市新贫困问题的
Poverty problem is a worldwide issue, and anti-poverty isone of the great theme that all countries all over the worldhave to face nowadays. Since the reform and opening-up, ourgovernment has made great achievement to eliminate poverty. Butwith the further promotion of economic development andindustrialization, with the quickening of the urbanizationprocess of reform day by day, especially in recent years, thesurge of the aging has caused fast change of the age structurein China. The economic restructuring has caused largequantities of urban worker"s unemployment. Besides this, thesurplus rural labor forces are shifting from the ruralconstantly which increased the pressure of the city, and theemployment situation is even severe. In such a situation wherethe social security system is still imperfect, another povertyspace has been appeared in the dualistic economy structure ofour country -- Neo-poverty population in the city. The tendencyof the urban pauperization is so obvious, the quantity itspreads is so big, the speed it expands is so high and theinfluence is so deep, that all above have made the urbanneo-poverty problem is evolving and becoming a serious socialconcern gradually. The urban neo-poverty came in being during the process ofthe economic transition and society transition. During suchtransition courses, both the economic system social structureare adjusted, the previous economic order is struck, andinfluence the security of the economic growth and stability ofthe social development. An important by-product of such impactwill cause some crowds with weaker adaptive capacity to fallinto poverty. Thus cause some unemployment, half-l employmentand the rising of the comprehensive living expenses index ofthe city residents. And it also causes their life to be inabsolute poverty or relative poverty, thus form the new urbanpoverty colony. An apparent characteristic of the povertyproblem in the city of China is that great mounts of new groupsare emerging with new characteristic correspondent to the time.The new urban poverty population is a part of the nationalpopulation below the poverty line. It has its one"s owncharacteristics. Proceeding from our country"s reality,defining the new groups properly, studying the currentsituation and characteristic thoroughly, and analyzing thereasons and impacts on society deeply, all above are theprerequisites to understand the problem correctly and to solveit progressively. Taking the study of urban poverty andanti-poverty, implementing effective society succour actionand plan strategy for urban poverty, not merely have realisticurgency, but also do good to safeguarding social stability andsociety fairness, and help to promote the economy and socialdevelopment. This thesis is based on the reality of our country and thedeep theory discussion about the essence of poverty. For theattempts mentioned above, basic concept, background andreasons, characteristic and tendency of the urban neo-povertyand so on are analyzed, and strategic countermeasures ofalleviating the size of population of urban neo-poverty areestablished on the base analyzed. Thus form five chapters. Itsmain content and view are as follows: Chapter 1 puts forward the concepts of poverty andneo-poverty. Proceeding from the concept of poverty, specialdescriptions are made from economics, sociology andinternational specialized agency separately. This thesispoints out that the poverty is a comprehensive, concrete,relative, dynamic concept, which is deeply developing, and theangle of view is also changing constantly. Therefore lead tothe meaning of the urban neo-poverty. Next, the existence ofthe urban neo-poverty is judged from three respects in China,developed country, developing country. Then the impacts of theurban neo-poverty on the society are analyzed from threeaspects: the sustainable development, the city the socialsystem and the society security system. Chapter 2 focuses on the basic status, the forms andessential features of the urban neo-poverty population. This chapter tells us the basic informat
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