论文标题:关于城镇贫困人口的人类学研究
Research on the Comprehensive Quality Evaluation System of College Students
论文作者 陶洁
论文导师 陈长平,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 人类学
论文单位 中央民族大学,点击次数 33,论文页数 92页File Size4925k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_785803507/ 贫困;最低生活保障;年龄分布
poverty,the lowest living"s guarantee,age distribute
贫困一直以来都是困扰现代社会的一个老难题。如果说奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会都是由于少部分人对广大劳动人民的残酷剥削和压榨而形成的贫困，那么在社会主义国家的贫困似乎是不可理解的；如果说社会主义国家的贫困是因为发展不足，经济落后而暂时出现的问题，那么在中国经过了近二十年的快速发展，经济水平有很大提高的前提下，贫困人口不是减少了而是增加了的情况，更是让人百思不得其解。经济增长并不会“自然而然”地带来社会发展，单凭市场不可能消除贫困，也不可能获得公平和平等，而这二者是发展的基石。由此看来，贫困不仅是经济问题，更是社会问题；研究贫困不能仅靠经济学家，更应该由人类学家、社会学家来对此问题做出共同努力。 都市人类学一直都致力于研究城市生活中存在的各种问题，为都市中的弱势群体代言，以期城市中的人们能更好地生活，城市能更好地发展。20世纪90年代以来，以失业、下岗人员以及他们的赡养人口为主体的城市贫困群体迅速膨胀，一时之间举国关注、议论纷纷。1995年，城市最低生活保障制度适时建立并全面推广，成为城市居民生活的最后一道安全网，为保障人民生活、保证社会安定起到了关键作用。很多学者对此也做了大量研究。今天，在低保制度基本完善，失业、下岗已基本为人们所接受的时候，我们以人类学的眼光再来重新审视低保制度保障下贫困人群的生活状况和社会境遇，也许会使我们对贫困有更深刻的理解，也可以对低保制度的改进和完善提出策略性的建议。这不仅是人类学家的人文关怀，也是我国建设小康社会的初衷和最终目标。因为，只有妥善地解决贫困问题，让所有的人都能安居乐业，我们才能在全面建设小康社会的道路上一往无前。 本文试图以城市贫困群体的年龄分布特征为切入点，指出贫困群体向中年积聚的现象。在描述这部分人的生活状况和社会境遇、分析其形成原因的基础上，说明贫困不仅仅是经济上或物质上的缺乏，更是一种能力和社会支持网络的匮乏。从这一观点出发，作者认为以救济和补偿观念为主导的低保制度的建设和操作，不能从根本上解决贫困问题，而只能在人们已陷入贫困的情境下给以最低标准的保障：即只能治标，不能治本。即使这样，低保制度在执行过程中仍存在这样那样的问题。因此，要真正解决贫困，不仅要发展经济，完善低保制度，在物质方面给贫困人口以保障，更重要的是要进行理念建设。政府工作人员和其它居民要对贫困群体有正确、平等的认识—享受低保是任何一个陷入贫困的公民的合法权利;最主要的还是贫困群体要对自己有正确认识—不仅要行使权利更要履行义务，端正就业观念，形成健康、乐观的生活态度。只有自强不息，才能赢得他人的尊重。如果整个社会形成良好的社会风尚:团结、友爱、互助、奋进，贫困也就不攻自破了。 本论文采用参与观察和深入访谈的人类学传统研究方法，并将定量、定性和文献分析相结合，撷众家之所长，希望能对贫困研究尽一份力!
Poverty remains a problem that concerns scholars in modern society. Even though it"s to some extent acceptable that a large population was extremely destitute due to the harsh exploitation by salve-holders, landlords and capitalists, it seems more unreasonable that poverty still exist in socialistic countries. If the poverty in socialistic countries was a temporary issue resulting from inadequate and laggard social and economical development, then why are we having more impoverished population after the remarkable economical development during the past twenty years? Partly from this, we can learn that the success of economic increase will not naturally bring about social development, and the market economy itself will not eliminate poverty, nor does it leads to social justice and social equality, which constitute the footstone of fully development. Therefore, my thesis is under the recognition of that poverty is not simply an economic issue, but also a social problem. The study of poverty will definitely need the joint effort among economists, anthropologists and sociologists.Urban anthropology has the long interest in the various problems presented in urban lives, and has the commitment to uphold the voices from the disadvantaged groups in the hope of facilitating a better life of the people and a better future of the cities as a whole. Since 1990s, we could witness a explosion of impoverished groups, which are consist of the unemployed, laid-offs, as well as their dependants. In 1995, the policy of the lowest living"s guarantee was built up timely and extended to the whole county in order to function as the last protection for the poor residences in urban areas. And this policy has a crucial role in maintaining the basic life of people and the stability of the society. After nearly ten years implementing, when we carefully examine the policy and it"s effects, especially from the perspective of anthropology, we may acquire a deeper understanding about poverty and have more constructive suggestion on the improvement of the policy of the lowest living"s guarantee.The starting point of my thesis is the analysis of age distribution on the urban poverty groups and I found that the poor has the inclination to concentrate on the middle age or old-age populations. By displaying these people"s life condition, social status and the reasons for both, I suggest that poverty is not only theeconomic and material deficiency, but also the lacking of capability and social support network. From this point of view, I propose that the implementation of the policy of the lowest living"s guarantee, which is formulated under the concept of supporting and compensation, cannot fully solve the problem of poverty. It may just touch the surface of the problem but far less an effective way to resolve the problem. What"s more, the policy even facing various difficulties in fulfilling its objectives. Therefore, in my opinion, to better solve the problem of poverty, it"s not sufficient to merely care about the economic factors and provide the lowest living"s guarantee for the urban poor. We need to pay more attention on attitude building. That is to say, the government officials and other citizens should have a more neutral and equal attitude towards the people living in poverty, which means they should never discriminate but regards the protection by the policy of lowest living"s guarantee as the human right for each people needed. More importantly, the impoverished people also need to correct their attitude too. They are given rights, but also bear their commitment to society. Only by doing these, can they win the respect of others. If a good culture in the society can be formed in which unity, friendliness, reciprocity and hard working is prevailed, poverty will collapse of itself.This paper employs the traditional anthropological methods such as participational observation as well as deeply interview and integrates the qualitative, quantitative and documentation analysis, which all in an effort to make so
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