论文标题:传承与变迁—清末四川新式初等教育研究
Succession and Change-new Primary Research End of the Qing Dynasty in Sichuan
论文作者
论文导师 吴达德,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 四川师范大学,点击次数 120,论文页数 77页File Size1228K
2007-04-10论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_7919272/
End of the Qing;; Sichuan;; New style primary ducation;; Inheritance;; Vicissitude
四川地处西南一隅,风气闭塞,经济落后,教育发展迟缓。20世纪初叶,晚清政府为挽救其封建统治而推行“新政”,教育改革是其中一项重要内容,而创办新式初等学堂又是整个教育改革的基础,因此备受重视,提出“普及教育”的口号。川督奎俊、岑春煊、锡良及赵尔巽都是倾向革新并有志振兴四川的封疆大吏。他们紧随中央兴学之风,积极在川创办新式初等教育。在各级官绅的努力下,四川新式初等教育迅速兴起和发展,全国闻名。 四川新式初等教育的兴起和发展表现在多个方面:首先,数量众多。自1907年始,四川新式初等教育超越了江浙各省,学堂数量跃居全国第二,学生人数更是名列榜首。其次,学堂分布广,遍及全川各州县,且接受教育的人群增多。最后,新式初等学堂的教学内容和手段较传统教育有了较大变化,充斥了近代西方的自然科学课程及内容,采用班级授课制。四川新式初等教育在短短的几年时间里迅速的兴起和发展,窥其因由,四川当局在整个兴学过程中的作用尤显重要。发展新式初等教育,首先面临两大困难,即经费和师资。为发展新式初等教育,四川当局积极派员出省出国学习和借鉴兴学经验、先进的教育制度及教学内容、方法等。同时,通过多种渠道,“就地筹款”,筹集教育经费,创办多种类型的师范教育,培养和引进教员,并严定奖惩、严格管理,将兴学成绩与各级官员的政绩相挂钩,在经费、师资及政策上为新式初等教育的发展提供一定程度的保障。 处于轫始阶段的清末四川新式初等教育,在迅速兴起、发展的同时,又明显的呈现出教育发展过渡阶段的不足或缺陷。首先是在教育发展过程中表现出的地域、办学条件、课程结构等方面的不平衡性。其次,教育经费在整体上呈现拮据,以及由筹集经费而增加群众负担,损害部分利益集团已有利益,导致毁学事件的发生。最后,由于新式初等教育的骤然兴起,各级政府与此相应的准备滞后,导致四川许多新式初等学堂质量不高,甚至不如旧式的私塾教育,呈现新瓶装旧酒的局面。
Sichuan is located in southwest corner , ethos is backward , economy falls behind , education development is slow. 20 centuries early years , late Qing regime govern but carry out a "new deal" for the feudalism saving the person, the education reform is one important item content among them , establishing elementary school of new style is entire education reform basis , the slogan taking "universal education" seriously , bringing forward fully therefore but. River supervising Kui hero , Cen Chun warmth , Xiliang and Zhao Er xun all is that inclination is improved has aspiration to vitalize the Sichuan governors together. They tread on the heels of central authority wind of encouraging learning , establish new style general education actively in river. Under effort of all of the various levels official and gentry, Sichuan new style general education is prompt be on the rise and develop , be well-known throughout the country. Sichuan new style primary education starting displays with the de- velopment in many aspects: First, the quantity is multitudinous.From 1907 the beginning, the Sichuan new style primary education hadsurmounted Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces various provinces, theschool quantity leaps to the nation second, the student population isthe first place. Next, the school distributes broadly, spreads theentire Sichuan various states county, also accepts the education thecrowd to increase. Finally, the new style primary school coursecontent and the method compared the tradi- tional education to havecomparatively sweeping change, has flooded the modern west naturalsciences curriculum and the content, used the class and grade to teachthe system. Sichuan new style primary education in short several year time rapidstarting with development, peeps its reason entire, the Sichuanauthority in encourages education in the process function especiallyto reveal importantly. Develops the new style primary education, firstfaces two in a big way is difficult, namely funds and teachers. Inorder to develop the new style primary education, the Sichuanauthority positively dispatches an official the province to go abroadthe study and the model encourages education to experience, theadvanced educational system and the course content, the method and soon.At the same time, through the many kinds of channels, "raises funds",the collection edu- cation funds, the origination many kinds of typespedagogical education, the raise and the introduction teacher, andstrictly decide the rewards and punishment, the strict management,will encourage education the result and all levels of officials"achievements links up, in the funds, the teachers and the policy willprovide the certain degree for the new style primary educationdevelopment the safeguard. Was at the strong beginning stage the end of the Qing Sichuan new style primary education, while rapidly started, development, also obvious pr- esented the education development transitional stage theinsufficiency or the flaw. First is aspect the and so on region,school condition, cur- riculum structure which displays in the educationdeveloping process imbalance.Next, the education funds presents in straitened circumstances in thewhole, as well as increases the populace by the collection funds tobear, the harm partial special interest group had the benefit, causesthe destroying study event the occurrence. Finally, because the newstyle primary education suddenly emerges, all levels of governmentswith this corresponding preparation lag, cause the Sichuan many newstyle primary schools quality not to be high, even was inferior tothe old-style private school education, presents the new bottled oldliquor the aspect.
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