论文标题:认知负荷和控制性注意对工作记忆广度任务成绩的影响
The Effects of Cognitive Load and Controlled-attention on Working Memory Span Tasks
论文作者 刘丽
论文导师 李力红,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 基础心理学
论文单位 东北师范大学,点击次数 120,论文页数 33页File Size470k
2005-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_796047877/ 任务转换; 资源共享; 控制性注意; 认知负荷
task-switch; resource-sharing; controlled-attention; cognitive load
工作记忆指在处理复杂认知任务时对与任务相关的信息的控制、规划和主动保持。工作记忆广度个体差异研究是使用工作记忆广度任务作为测量工具去评价工作记忆容量,然后探讨工作记忆容量和不同的认知任务之间的关系。目前对于工作记忆广度个体差异的本质提出了几个模型:资源共享模型、任务转换假说、基于时间的资源共享模型和控制性注意观点,不同的模型强调了决定工作记忆广度任务成绩的不同因素。本研究对几种工作记忆个体差异模型进行比较评价,重新界定了认知负荷的概念,认为高的认知负荷需要控制性注意能力的参与,控制性注意能力是决定工作记忆广度任务成绩的一个重要因素;同时对转换加工做出解释,认为注意资源需要在加工和存储部分之间进行转换。总的可用于加工和存储部分的资源量是有限的,注意在一个时间只能注意一个部分,记忆痕迹可能在注意指向加工部分时受到遗忘。但是与任务转换假说不同,我们认为记忆痕迹受到加工部分任务项目干扰的影响,这种干扰导致了需要记忆项目的更新,因而易于遗忘而不是受到时间有关的记忆消退的影响。基于上述假设,我们考察了控制性注意能力不同的被试在加工部分认知负荷不同的工作记忆广度任务中的成绩。实验一设置了两种加工部分持续时间相同但是复杂程度不同的工作记忆广度任务,结果表明,任务复杂性对工作记忆广度任务成绩有重要影响,任务越难,成绩越低,但是在复杂的工作记忆广度任务中,控制性注意能力高的被试的成绩好于控制性注意能力低的被试,但是在简单的工作记忆广度任务中两者成绩相同。实验二设置了加工部分提取项目相同但是提取时间不同的两种工作记忆广度任务,实验结果与实验一相似,在提取速度快的工作记忆广度任务中,控制性注意能力好的被试的成绩高于控制性注意能力差的被试,但是在提取速度慢的任务中,两者的成绩相同。提取速度对工作记忆广度任务成绩有重要影响,但是这种影响只发生在控制性注意能力低的被试中。本研究验证了我们的假设:认知负荷对工作记忆广度任务成绩有重要影响;认知负荷越高,工作记忆广度任务成绩越低;复杂的工作记忆成绩需要控制性注意能力的参与;记忆痕迹受到与项目干扰有关的遗忘。
The term working memory refers to the control, plan and active maintenance ofinformation related to the task while handing some complex cognitive tasks. Individualdifference researches in working memory span use working memory span tasks asassessment tools to measure working memory performance and examine the relationshipbetween working memory span and various cognitive tasks. At the present, a few ofmodels have been proposed to account for the nature of individual difference in workingmemory tasks: Resource-sharing model, task-switch hypothesis, time-basedresource-sharing model and controlled-attention view. These models emphasized differentfactors that affected working memory tasks performance. In this article we made acomment on them and define a new conception of cognitive load. We assumed a highcognitive load needs participation of controlled-attention and controlled-attention is aimportant factor that limits working memory span performance. Second, we made aaccount for the nature of switch process. We assumed that tasks require participants toswitch attention from processing to storage, attention constitutes a limited pool ofresources and can only locus a part at one time, so it must be shared between processingand maintenance and memory traces is due to item-related interference provoked byintervening events. So in this article, we examined the performance of high and lowcontrolled-attention capacity subjects in working memory span tasks that cognitive load ofprocessing is different. The experiment 1 developed two working memory tasks thatduration time of processing is kept constant but complexity is not. The results showed taskscomplexity has effect on working memory performance, the more difficult, the lower theperformance. In more complex task, the performance of high subjects is higher than thelow, but not in the more simple task. The experiment 2 developed two new tasks thatretrieval number is kept constant but time is different, the results are similar to theexperiment 1:in faster retrieval speed task, the high individual’s performance is higher thanthe low, but not in the slower task. Retrieval speed had effect on working memory spanperformance, but this effect is showed in low controlled-attention individuals. This articleconfirmed our hypothesis that cognitive load had important effect on working memoryspan performance: the higher cognitive load, the lower the performance; the complex spantasks need participation of controlled-attention; memory trace is subject to forgetting thatrelated to item interference.
|
