论文标题:章太炎《新方言》研究
"Political" Philosopher--Althusser
论文作者 孙毕
论文导师 吴金华,论文学位 博士,论文专业 汉语言文字学
论文单位 复旦大学,点击次数 85,论文页数 470页File Size27202k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_826985647/ 章太炎,《新方言》,词汇,语音,同词异字,求本字,汉语方言学史
ZHANG Tai-yan,The New Dialect,Vocabulary,Pronunciation,Variant characters of the same word,Looking for the etymological character of a word,The history of Chinese dialectology
章太炎《新方言》在汉语方言研究史、汉语语源学史以及中国语言学史上都占有很重要的地位，但是目前学界多关注章氏的《国故论衡》、《文始》，而对《新方言》的评价一般是印象性、概括性的，缺乏对《新方言》具体而系统的专门研究。本文以章太炎《新方言》为研究对象，考察其在汉语言文字学方面的成就与局限，并思考现代语言文字学的相关问题。此选题具有重要意义和开创性。我们从《新方言》中切分出1466个今语词(同词异字计为一个词)，216组同词异字，以穷尽性调查为手段占有了大量的材料，这更是以前的研究未做过的，具有独创性。我们从传统汉语方言学、现代语言学、海外汉语研究三个角度来考察《新方言》在汉语方言学史上的地位，因此本论文研究的角度全面而新颖。 本文将《新方言》和以《汉语方言大词典》、《现代汉语方言大词典》为主的各种方言文献对比，统计并分类考察了《新方言》中未被《汉语方言大词典》收录的词语或词语的义项，被《汉语方言大词典》收录但仪有《新方言》作为孤证的词语，和《汉语方言大词典》所收词音义皆同但不以《新方言》为书证的词语，列出了《新方言》中今方言词语的同词异字表，并订正了《汉语大字典》、《汉语方言大词典》一些立目、释义、书证方面的讹误，举例说明《新方言》考本字、同词异字研究对《现代汉语方言大词典》等方言文献用字的参考作用，因此本文在《新方言》的进一步研究和《汉语大字典》、《汉语方言大词典》、《现代汉语方言大词典》的修订等方面具有实用价值。 本文预期的目标是，对《新方言》的今通语与今方言词汇作出统计分析以评价《新方言》在方言词汇研究方面的成就；对《新方言》的词源考证的内容和方法进行分析以见《新方言》在语源学方面的贡献；对《新方言》的词汇比较进行分析以见其对汉语词汇系统性特点的揭示以及其对现代语言学的启发；对《新方言》的语法虚词研究进行考察以见其汉语方言语法研究的成就与局限；整理并分析《新方言》语音描写与比较的术语、方法与内容，以见以《新方言》为代表的传统方言学在语音记录与研究方面的成就与局限；对《新方言》中今方言词的同词异字全面统计与分析，以进一步考察《新方言》在方言词汇调查方面的成就并给汉语方言词典的编纂提供材料和方法论方面的参考；用现代语言学的方法与成果考察《新方言》求本字的方法、成就与局限；最后，从传统方言学、现代语言学、海外汉语研究三个角度来考察《新方言》在汉语方言学史上的地位，并给现代语言学的发展提出一些建议。本论文基本达到了这些目标。 本文在如下几个方面开创和深化了对《新方言》的研究，以具体、全面、深入地评价《新方言》在汉语方言研究史、汉语语源学史、中国语言学史上的贡献与局限： 1、第一次对《新方言》的今语词汇进行穷尽性分析与考察，以全面、具体地考察《新方言》在方言词汇调查方面的成就。《新方言》中今语词(包括今方言与今通语，不包括民族语)计1466个(同词异字计为一个词)，其中今方言词语(有明确今方言地点的词语)770个，今语、今通语、通语词计685个，方言兼通语词11个。此外，少数民族语词3个。古、今语词(包括古语、今通语及今方言，其中兼为古语、今通语或今方言词者只计为一个词)共计2470个。《新方言》在《汉语方言大词典》中作第一书证(首证)的有221例。按方言系属来统计，《新方言》中今方言词除“南方”语词7个、“北方”语词14个之外，其他系属计15种，词语770个。按地名统计，《新方言》描述今方言词的地名有5类计167个，共出现1303次；其中古国名族名、少数民族名、外国名有10个，共出现162次；其余皆为今方言地名。所以《新方言》方言调查范围无论从地域还是从方言系属来看，都几乎遍及全国。 从相关文献来看，《新方言》对汉语方言研究的影响也是巨大的。据抽样统计，《新方言》材料的28％所涉及的方言文献达147种。各地方志与《新方言》在《汉语方言大词典》的同一词目下作书证者达284次，而这些文献大多数皆在《新方言》后并受它影响。 在评价《新方言》的方言词汇调查成就时，我们证实了《新方言》对三类共13口个方言词的描写的正确性: 第一类是《新方言》中未被《汉语方言大词典》收录的词语或词语的义项，共计173个。本文第二章考察了其中的35个，其中27个词语或词语的义项得到了印证;加上本文第四章《<新方言)的同词异字研究》24个被印证的词语或词语的义项，共51个未被《汉语方言大词典》收录的词语或词语的义项的正确性得到了证明。第二类词是《新方言》的词语的音义与《汉语方言大词典》所收词语音义相同或相通但《新方言》未被《汉语方言大词典》作为书证者，共计25个。第三类词是《新方言》中虽被收录在《汉语方言大词典》中但仅为孤证的词语，共计328个，第二章考察了其中的1基个，本论文第四章《(新方言)的同词异字研究》考察了4才个，这样，共计5琴个孤证的正确性得到了印证。 2、结合《新方言·自序》和一l正文中的材料，本文第一次对《新方言》推词源、求本字六例所反映的语言文字规律以及章氏对汉语语源学的研究进行了考察
The New Dialect (新方言) by Zhang Tai-yan (章太炎) stands in an important post in the history of Chinese dialectology, Chinese etymology and Chinese linguistics. Much attention is attached to the studies of GuoguLunheng (国故论衡) and Wenshi (文始) by Zhang, while the studies and evaluations of The New Dialect are generally impressionistic and general, not systematic and concrete. By analyzing The New Dialect, this thesis, of great value and initiatory, chiefly deals with the achievements and deficiencies of Zhang"s studies on Chinese linguistics and philology and enlightens us to further discuss modem Chinese linguistics and philology. We take the initiative to render our study based upon enormous data made from a thorough inquiry in which we find out 1466 words and expressions used at present as well and 216 groups of variant forms of the same dialect word in The New Dialect. On the three levels of traditional Chinese dialectology and modern dialectology and foreign dialectology, this thesis judges the importance of The New Dialect in the history of Chinese linguistics and philology and solves some problems about modem linguistics, so it provides an overall and new panorama.Through comparing The New Dialect with all sorts of dialect documents, especially with Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian (汉语方言大词典) and Xiandai Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian (现代汉语方言大词典), the thesis counts and studies several sorts of words in The New Dialect such as those excluded by Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian, those included and illustrated in the same way as The New Dialect, and those included and labeled with same pronounciation and same meaning with The New Dialed but not labeled the proof of The New Dialect. The thesis lists the variant characters of the same dialect word alive today in The New Dialect, corrects the errors on entry, definition of words and supplying of examples in Hanyu Da Zidian (汉语大词典) and Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian. By analyzing the typical examples, this thesis makes it clear that the studies of The New Dialect on looking for the etymological character of a word and the studies of variant characters of the same word give some suggestions to Xiandai Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian oft selecting characters. Therefore, our research benefits to the close study of The New Dialect, and the revise of Hanyu Da Zidian and Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian and Xiandai Hanyu Fangyan Da Cidian.We write the thesis and desire, by counting and analyzing the words of the common spoken Chinese and Chinese dialects in The New Dialect, to evaluate the achievements of The New Dialect on Chinese dialectal investigation; by analyzing the contents and methods about etymological studies in the New Dialect, to observe the contributions of The New Dialect to Chinese etymology; by analyzing the vocabulary comparison in The New Dialect, to observe The New Dialect"s reveals about the systematicness of Chinese vocabulary and its enlightenment on modem linguistics; by analyzing the studies of function words in The New Dialect, to observe the contributions and deficiencies of The New Dialect on studying dialectal grammar; by reasoning and analyzing the dialectal investigations, the standardization of languages and characters, and the edit of dialectal dictionaries, to observe the contributions and deficiencies of traditional linguistics represented by The New Dialect on the level of recording and studying pronunciation; from the modem linguistic point of views, to observe the means and the achievements and the limitations of The New Dialect about looking for etymological character of a word; finally, from the angles of traditional Chinese dialectology and modem dialectology and foreign dialectology, to evaluateThe New Dialect on Chinese dialectology and raise some proposals for the development of modem linguistics. Those goals are all basically achieved.To make a more concrete, complete and deep evaluation of the deficiencies and contributions of The New Dialect to the history of Chinese dialectology, Chinese etymology and Chinese linguistics, the thesis in
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