论文标题:汉代孝治文化研究
On the Culture of Han Dynasty Administering by Filial Piety
论文作者 徐玲
论文导师 李振宏；郑慧生,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国古代史
论文单位 河南大学,点击次数 85,论文页数 61页File Size2334k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_831804632/ 汉代;孝文化;人伦道德;政治伦理
Han Dynasty;filial culture;human relations and morality;political ethics
汉代统治者在历史上首次提出“以孝治天下”的治国方针，公开倡导全国以“孝”为本，使原本只属于宗法伦理的孝道走进了国家政治、社会和文化生活的方方面面，成为一种泛道德观念的社会伦理和政治伦理，进而形成了颇具特色的汉代孝治文化，影响中国社会长达两千多年。 孝治在汉代成为治国纲领，并终两汉四百余年而不变，不是历史的偶然，而是由汉代的历史根源、社会土壤以及统治者的统治需要综合决定的历史选择。 汉代孝治文化继承并变异了先秦儒家丰富的孝道思想，逐步形成了自己独具特色的孝道理论，不仅有了系统的理论形态，而且侧重于政治指导作用，把理论提高到了可操作的层面，为统治者的孝道理论提供了实践的可能性。为了政治统治需要，汉代思想家引申和扩展了孝道内容，提出了许多新的孝道观念，使孝道的外延不断扩大，成为一种泛道德观念的社会伦理。汉代统治者大力倡导孝道，目的并不仅仅在于维护家庭、宗族的血亲稳定，最终目的乃是“移孝作忠”，让道德为政治统治服务，所以整个汉代孝道理论的核心就是“移孝作忠”，把小“孝”变成大“孝”—忠，即把原来的门内之治的“孝”变成门外之治的“忠”。汉代孝道思想在大的原则上没有变化，但小的方面也有一定的变化，尤其在西汉中后期，董仲舒等开始用阴阳五行学说等来附会孝道，进一步对孝道观念改造、扩展和延伸，演变出以“三纲五常”为核心的孝道体系，使孝道思想开始神学化。东汉统治者“宣布图谶于天下”，用更落后、更迷信的图谶对孝道思想进一步神秘化和迷信化，此时的孝道思想具有了明显的神学色彩。 汉代重孝治还表现在统治者对孝道思想的具体实践上，制定出一系列具体措施来全面实施其孝治方针。在大力推行孝道教育的同时，朝廷奉行尊老国策，形成相对完善的养老、敬老体系。为了使人人行“孝”，朝廷和地方政府都制定一套完密的褒奖机制，对孝子孝女进行奖崇。在用人制度上以孝悌品行为标准，在政治上为孝子顺孙安排好出路。 汉代大力倡导孝治，使两汉社会形成讲孝行孝的浓厚氛围，汉代封建统治相对稳定，社会秩序相对良好，家庭相对和谐，但孝道就像一把双刃剑，在它积极影响的另一面有着忠孝之间的矛盾、东汉的报仇之风盛行、家庭内等级森严、子女人身受限制等的消极影响，这也决定了汉代孝治文化走向衰落的必然。
The rulers of the Han Dynasty initially proposed "administering the country by filial piety" as their creed, which made the filial piety that belonged to patriarchal ethics the politics. Society and culture around the whole country, and formed into social ethics and political ethics characterized by pan-morality. This is the unique culture of administering the country by filial piety in the Han Dynasty that had an impressive effect on our society for more than 2.000 years.It was not accidental that administering the country by filial piety was used as guideline accompanying the Han Dynasty for more than 400 years. Inversely, It took root in the historical factors. Social soils and the need of administering at that time.That culture inherited and altered the abundant standards of filial piety of the Confucian in the pre-Qin Dynasty, and not only developed its own theory about the filial piety but also emphasized the creeds guide in governing .As it was operable, it provided the rulers with its practical possibility .For the governors urgent need, the ideologist in the Han Dynasty explicated and expand the contents of the Confucian doctrine of filial piety and proposed many new filial piety notions, expanded in their extension . The aim that the rulers vigorously initiated the standards of filial piety was rather making it served for their political demands than keeping the families and genes consanguinity in stabilization. Obviously, the kernels of the standards of filial piety was "transforming filial obedience into loyalty" by altering the filial piety and fraternal duty to family into showing loyalty to the rulers. The principles were the same as before at that time. But, there were some subtle changes, especially during the middle and lateWestern Han Dynasty, Tong Zhongshu and his fellowmen began to strain their interpretations by the YINYANGWUXIN theory that gradually evolved into the new Confucian doctrine of filial piety characterized by "SANGANGWUCHANG" and apotheosis .The rulers in the Eastern Han Dynasty initiated "governing the country by divination combined with mystical Confucianism belief, and fartherly mythic zed and superstores the Confucian doctrine of filial piety with more unlightened and superstitious theories .The standards of filial piety at that time embodied with obvious theological features .The rulers special political policy was also displayed in the fact that they drafted a lot of concrete measures to comprehensively implement the policy .At the same time, the court followed its own guideline and relativity regulated "to the aged and for the aged" principles .It also drafted a series of strict promotional mechanism to reward the filial sons and daughters, with paving the ways for their political promotion.In consequence, the filial piety and fraternal duty became very popular in the Han Dynasty .The political situation was relatively steadily, the society was comparatively well and the family was just in hominy, But it was a two-edged sword, accompanied by some side effects, such as the prevail avenge atmosphere, strict hierarchy in the family, the restrained liberty, etc, which implied the decline of its fate.
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