论文标题:关联理论对文学交际中的创造性隐喻的阐释
A Relevance-Theoretic Account of Creative Metaphor in Literary Communication
论文作者 张韧
论文导师 于柏祥,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 外国语言学及应用语言学
论文单位 国防科学技术大学,点击次数 100,论文页数 80页File Size2642k
2003-11-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_84738782/ 创造性隐喻;文学交际;关联理论;理解机制;意境效果
Creative Metaphor; Literary Communication; Relevance Theory;Comprehension Mechanism; Poetic Effects
本文试图运用关联理论来研究文学交际中的创造性隐喻的理解机制和效果。 根据关联理论，隐喻是随意言谈的一种，它的命题形式与说话人思想的命题形式之间存在着相似关系。它的理解不需要任何特殊机制，而是寻求符合关联原则的解释的结果。不同的隐喻表达的隐含在强度和范围上都有差异。在这些观点的基础上，本文对文学交际中的创造性隐喻进行了较详细的分析。 本文首先介绍了主要隐喻理论并指出了它们的不足。而关联理论作为一种认知语用理论能更好的解释隐喻，因为关联理论不仅充分认识到隐喻的认知属性，而且把隐喻放在言语交际的语境中进行研究。关联理论的基础是关联的定义和两个关联原则。关联的认知原则是指人类认知倾向于同最大关联相吻合。关联的交际原则是指每一个明示刺激都应设想为它本身具有最佳关联。关联是一个比较性的概念，它的大小与两个因素有关：认知效果和处理努力。认知效果越大，处理努力越小，则输入内容对个人的关联性就越大。 然后，本文用关联理论对文学交际进行了概括性的解释。创造性隐喻通常在文学交际中使用，而且它的理解不能离开一定的语境。关联理论提出了一个明示推理交际模式：说话人发出一种刺激信号，使之对交际双方互相显映，通过这种刺激信号，说话人意欲向听话人显映或更加清楚地显映一系列的命题{Ⅰ}。文学交际是言语交际中较弱的交际形式。在文学交际中，上述模式依然成立，同时又有如下特点：第一，读者对理解结果要担负更大的责任；第二，反复的理解是不可避免的也是必要的；第三，表达了一系列的弱隐含。作为文学交际中一种重要的语言手段，创造性隐喻也表现出这些特点。 最后，本文详细讨论了创造性隐喻的理解机制和效果。创造性隐喻的理解过程基本上与其它话语一致，由三个分任务组成：对明说，隐含前提，隐含结论的推导。另外，“临时”概念的构建在此过程中也起到了重要作用。因此，本文提出在创造性隐喻的理解过程中再加上另一个分任务：“临时”概念的构建。“临时”概念的构建是创造性隐喻中的两个或更多词汇概念的百科信息项之间发生相互作用的结果，这种相互作用类似于类比映射。 在明说层面上，创造性隐喻主要表达了一个较高层次的明说，其中包含了相信的命题态度和一个“临时”概念作为主要成分。在隐含层面上，创造性隐喻主要表达了一系列广泛的弱隐含。但是创造性隐喻的效果不仅仅限于通过命题和命题态度达到的效果。创造性隐喻还表达了非命题效果，例如情感，印象，意象。根据关联理论，至少部分非命题效果ARelevanee一TheoretieAeeountofCreativeMetaPhorinLiteraryCommunieation可以用一系列广泛的弱隐含的表达来解释。在关联理论中，这种特殊的通过一系列广泛的弱隐含来实现关联的效果称为“意境效果”。 此研究表明，关联理论能够有效地解释创造性隐喻，而且关联理论在研究模糊效果和弱交际方面比其它的交际理论有更大的优势。关键词:创造性隐喻，文学交际，关联理论，理解机制，意境效果
This thesis is an attempt to study the comprehension mechanism and effects of creative metaphor in literary communication in a relevance theory perspective.According to relevance theory, metaphor is but a kind of loose talk whose propositional form resembles that of the speaker"s thought. Metaphor understanding needs no special mechanism but simply results from the search for an interpretation consistent with the principle of relevance. Metaphors vary in the strength and range of implicatures they communicate. Based on these ideas, a detailed characterization of creative metaphor in literary communication is provided in this thesis.First of all, the major theories of metaphor are introduced and their weaknesses are pointed out. It is then suggested that relevance theory, a cognitive pragmatic theory, can give a more satisfactory account of metaphor, because relevance theory not only fully recognizes the cognitive nature of metaphor, but also examines metaphor in the context of verbal communication. Relevance theory is based on the definition of relevance and two principles of relevance: a Cognitive Principle (that human cognition is geared to the maximization of relevance), and a Communicative Principle (that utterances create expectations of optimal relevance). Relevance is a comparative notion whose measurement depends on two factors: cognitive effect and processing effort. The greater the cognitive effect and the smaller the processing effort, the greater the relevance of an input to an individual will be.Then, a general account of literary communication in terms of relevance theory is offered, since creative metaphor is used most often in literary communication and cannot be properly understood without such a context. In relevance theory, an ostensive-inferential model of communication is proposed: the communicator produces a stimulus which makes it mutually manifest to communicator and audience that the communicator intends, by means of this stimulus, to make manifest or more manifest to the audience a set of assumptions I. It is argued that this model still holds true in the case of literary communication, which is a weak form of verbal communication, except that the following distinctive features can be identified: first, the reader has to take greater responsibility for the interpretation result; second, constantreinterpretation is inevitable and necessary; third, a wide range of weak implicatures are conveyed. As an important linguistic device in literary communication, creative metaphor also shows these features.Finally, the comprehension mechanism and effects of creative metaphor are discussed in great detail. The comprehension process of creative metaphor is generally the same with that of other utterances, consisting of three sub-tasks: recovery of explicatures, implicated premises and implicated conclusions. Besides, the construction of an ad hoc concept also plays an important role in this process. Therefore, it is suggested that in the comprehension process of creative metaphor another sub-task involving the construction of an ad hoc concept be added. The ad hoc concept construction might result from an interaction similar to analogical mapping between the encyclopedic entries of two or more encoded concepts in the creative metaphor.On the explicit level, creative metaphor mainly conveys a higher-order explicature with the propositional attitude of belief and an ad hoc concept as its important components. On the implicit level, creative metaphor mainly communicates a wide range of weak implicatures. However, the effects of creative metaphor are not confined to those achieved by propositions and propositional attitudes. Creative metaphor also gives rise to non-propositional effects such as those achieved by affect, impressions, and images. According to relevance theory, at least part of these non-propositional effects can be explained by the communication of a wide range of weak implicatures. The particular effect which achieves most of its relevance through a wide range of weak implicature
|
