论文标题:中国城市贫困人口的社会资本研究
论文作者
论文导师 俞忠英,论文学位 博士,论文专业 政治经济学
论文单位 复旦大学,点击次数 20,论文页数 134页File Size8523K
2007-04-23论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_848662552/
Urban poverty population; Social capital; Support network
随着中国城市化进程的发展，经济结构的转变，社会体制的转型，20世纪90年代以来，中国城市贫困人口的规模有明显的上升之势，城市贫困人口主体也发生了显著的变化，以下岗失业人口，进城务工的流动人口为两大城市贫困主体人群。 为了应对严峻的城市贫困问题，改善贫困人口的不利处境，政府实施了一系列的政策，以保证贫困居民的基本生活。这些以正式的社会保障制度为主的扶贫政策的实施，也切实保证了部分城市贫困人口的基本生活，初步改善了他们在医疗健康、子女教育等方面的状况。但由于社会保障体现尚在转轨之中，经济与社会政策各个方面的体制转化不平衡、不协调，在城市社会政策的某些领域中，由于各种原因而使新体制本身的社会福利目标弱化，或者由于制度设计的原因而使他们难以发挥出较好的社会保障功能，导致转型期社会保障平均水平的降低。 由于物质资本的匮乏，人力资本的不足，对于城市贫困人口而言，社会资本便成为他们可以利用的手段。社会资本本质上是一种支持性的关系，社会资本所体现的社会互惠、社会合作、互信互助的社会关系构成了一种支持机制，它可以减少人们达致目的的成本，并在互助合作中防范和化解个体风险。对于寻求保障的贫困者而言，社会资本可以转化为他们所需要的帮助，减少获取资源所需的成本，这样就相当于使他们得到了某种程度的保障。换句话说，社会资本对于缺乏资源的贫困者而言具有一定的社会保障功能。 中国的经济转型，体制转轨，使得社会资本在资源配置中具有不可忽视的作用，这种情况又非常典型地表现在下岗、失业者和进城务工农民这两个主要贫困人群的就业状况上。对于下岗、失业职工这类人力资本存量较差的人群和社会地位较低的社会阶层来说，他们在求职和就业过程中，无论是再就业的信息获得，还是再就业的机会的获得，都更多地倾向于使用社会资本而非人力资本。社会资本在下岗、失业人员再就业过程中，起到了举足轻重的作用。在农村劳动力向城市转移的过程中，进入城镇生活就业的农村劳动力会因在城镇有某种社会关系网络，而减少许多不必要的成本。进城务工人员依赖其拥有的社会资本，获得就业机会，得到生活、工作等方面的帮助，实现从农村向城市的流动。以传统的亲缘、地缘为主的社会网络在其中发挥了重要的作用，社会网络降低了农村劳动力向城镇转移的成本，为进城农村劳动力提供了必要的社会支持。
Since 1990s, the poverty population in urban areas has been an outstanding issuein social development in China. The reasons that cause poverty in urban areas are notconcerned with personal factors, but the social factors. The poverty population inurban areas constitutes with seven sorts, the main body among them being theunemployment population in urban areas and the floating population from rural areasto urban areas. They aren"t considered so poor that they have no clothes and foods, butthey really have a poor life comparing with the population of non-poverty. Therefore,the urban poverty is issues in both economy and politics, and should be paid muchattention. The urban poverty population faces the social exclusion in social guaranteeand employment. This problem is caused by the factors like limited of socialguarantee system and the adjustment of industrial structures as well as thetransformation of system. During the process analysis of the poverty degree, the study discovers, theeconomic resoures that the poverty family has possessed are very inadequate. Theinadequacies are as a result of the employment chances and relieve resources deprived.Therefore, this group have developed strong dependence on the support network—social capital. The inadequancy of economic resourses of the urban poverty familycauses that the flow of resourses between network members is not usually reciprocal,but shows a kind of one-way flow. Laid-off workers of China are the new urban poverties in processtransition andsocial economy structure adjustment. Present researches on laid-off workers in Chinaare mainly fasten on gender view, attribution study, analysis for status in quo andcountermeasure study, etc. Recently, scholars started trying to use Social Capitaltheory to study laid-off workers and analyse on urban poor families" social securitiesand social sustain networks. Although laid-off workers are lack of Relation capital,coming from laid-off workers" consanguinity, neighborhoods, workmates andfriendships, they are initiative to try every methods to increase the capital. In our country, industrialization and modernization are not accompanied by thetransfer of rural redundant labor forces into towns and cities. Many rural redundantlabor forces cannot settle in towns and cities. In the Census registering system,discriminations and prejudices make it hard for rural redundant labor forces to live incities and towns. Social capital, however, plays an even more influential role in thecourse of the transfer into cities and towns of rural redundant labor in China. Socialcapital"s influences in the course of the transfer into cities and towns of ruralredundant labor forces. In order to increase the urban poverty population"s social capital, it is necessary totake some steps.
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