论文标题:哲学视野中的个人崇拜
Genre Analysis of the White Paper Introductions
论文作者 丁四海
论文导师 许全兴,论文学位 博士,论文专业 马克思主义哲学
论文单位 中共中央党校,点击次数 89,论文页数 143页File Size757k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_88555312/ 个人崇拜;历史人物;社会秩序;主体性;自主性
Individualistic Worship ; historical character ; social order; subject ; initiative
个人崇拜作为一种普遍存在的社会现象，对历史发展产生重要影响。在中国个人崇拜具有久远的历史。社会主义制度确立后，由于种种复杂的原因，个人崇拜产生的根源并没有完全消失，在一个时期里，个人崇拜甚至愈演愈烈，对社会的经济、政治、生活秩序带来极大的冲击。对个人崇拜进行系统的理论说明，将有助于澄清个人崇拜的本质及其历史局限性，激发人民群众自主性、创造性的发挥，防止个人崇拜现象的再度发生，推进人自身的自由而全面发展；有助于明确社会主义民主政治在社会主义现代化建设事业中的地位和作用，促进社会主义民主政治建设步伐；有助于正确认识什么是英雄人物，塑造充分体现时代要求、代表先进文化前进方向的民族精神；有助于全面认识推动社会进步的各种力量，充分调动社会各个阶层的积极力量；有助于增强坚持党的群众观点和群众路线的自觉性，在事关社会发展方向和人民根本利益的重大问题上集思广益，充分集中人民群众的智慧。对个人崇拜进行系统、全面、客观的研究，也是运用唯物史观的一般规律分析研究社会现象和社会问题时无法回避的重大理论问题。通过对个人崇拜现象做出完整的理论说明，有助于进一步深化对历史发展合力的认识，进一步认识杰出人物在推进历史发展中的作用，明确社会主义民主政治建设的意义和方向。本选题从个人崇拜的本质、功能及特征入手，力求以跨学科、大视角、多维度的方式对个人崇拜这一复杂的社会现象从哲学的角度进行客观、全面地分析，重点分析了个人崇拜产生的根源，探讨了个人崇拜形成的机制，全面分析了个人崇拜的社会效应，提出了防止个人崇拜的主要途径。全文包括导言和正文五章：导言主要论述了选题的实践和理论意义，介绍、评析了国内外关于本选题研究的轨迹与现状，阐明了本选题研究的特殊性，提出了本选题的主要研究方法，概括说明了本选题的创新之处。 第一章分别从历史和学理的层面上分析了崇拜现象的起源和个人崇拜的本质、类型、特征，力求突出个人崇拜的特殊性，对个人崇拜形成一个全面、客观、完整的定义。本选题在对个人崇拜现象的特征进行概括的基础上，把个人崇拜界定为在一定的社会组织中，组织成员对组织的领袖人物产生的崇拜感情，以及在这种感情制约下两者之间的互动关系。提出个人崇拜是形成特定社会秩序的一种方式，个人崇拜的实质是主体性的迷失，个人崇拜具有隐性宗教的功能。本章还对权威、英雄等相关社会现象进行研究，力求划清个人崇拜与权威、英雄等相关社会现象的界限。 第二章详细分析了个人崇拜产生的历史、社会和认识根源。个人崇拜产生的历史根源包括生产力水平低下造成个人对社会的依赖，长时期专制统治抑制群众的自主能力，科学文化水平落后导致缺乏理性的批判能力，在自然演化过程中形成的生理机制等。个人崇拜产生的社会根源包括社会生活中各种矛盾激化导致绝望意识，高度集权的专制制度，不同的社会文化背景，在社会交往过程中形成的复杂的社会心理机制等。个人崇拜产生的认识根源包括英雄史观错误夸大个人在历史上的作用，片面追求完美致使对个人的认识产生偏差，对个人崇拜有意识地利用等。第三章重点探讨了个人崇拜的形成机制。个人崇拜的形成过程主要是崇拜对象或个人崇拜制造者尽其所能，努力争取崇拜者认同的过程。在这一过程中，崇拜对象或个人崇拜制造者通过塑造崇拜对象与崇拜者之间利益一致性的观念，突出宣传崇拜对象的杰出才能，采取多种形式反复强化使个人崇拜成为崇拜者的自觉，批判各种异己的观念等手段，力求在崇拜者中牢固树立关于崇拜对象的神性观念。在社会组织，特别是政治国家中，崇拜对象在掌握了绝对的权力之后，往往精心编制一张细密的控制网络，全面、及时掌握控制崇拜者的思想和行为。思想上的控制与体制上的强化相辅相成，构成个人崇拜的两个支柱。第四章全面分析了个人崇拜的社会效应。在一定的历史时期个人崇拜在解决一些特定的社会问题上具有一定的正面效应，主要表现在推进需要集体参与的社会运动，积极应对突发性事件带来的挑战，化解社会不同群体之间的矛盾等方面。但是由于个人崇拜在社会发展动力上做出错误判断，强调依靠个人而不是依靠民众，对社会发展必然起阻碍作用。个人崇拜的负面社会效应主要表现为遏制社会创新与发展的活力，忽视非主流群体的利益与愿望，造成社会秩序的不规则变动等方面。对于个人崇拜的社会效应，只有放在特定的历史情景中才能得到完整的说明。 第五章在总结马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林、毛泽东、邓小平反对个人崇拜历史经验的基础上，分析了反对个人崇拜与尊重杰出人物的关系，重点分析了防止个人崇拜产生的途径：第一、推动经济发展和个人理性的提升，第二、加强制度建设，第三、推进决策的公开性，第四、加强社会舆论的监督，反对片面地突出个人，对个人无原则地歌功颂德。在本章的最后简要地分析了个人崇拜发展变化的一般趋势，提出决定个人崇拜发展变化的主要因素是主体性的成长，个人崇拜的发展呈现出向人本身回归的趋势。
Individualistic Worship, as a common social phenomenon, has generated great influence on historical development. In China, Individualistic Worship had a long story. Since the establishment of socialism, it has far from been rooted out owing to various reasons. Instead, it manifested itself during certain period more intensely, thus bringing great impact on social economy, politics and life system. A theoretical illustration of Individualistic Worship is helpful to clarify its essence and limitations; to bring the people’s initiative and creativity into play; to prevent the reoccurrence of Individualistic Worship; to promote the full development of individuals; to define the position and function of socialist democracy in modern socialist construction, thus quickening the pace of socialist politics development; to have a correct understanding of heroes so as to forge a national spirit representative of current requirement and advanced culture; to make a comprehensive knowledge of various forces pushing society going on, hence utilizing active forces of all social levels; and to enhance our consciousness in adhering to the Party’s principle of mass line, so that we can draw on the wisdom of the masses in major problems related to socialist development as well as the people’s fundamental interest and welfare. A systematic, comprehensive and objective study of Individualistic Worship is a major theoretical question that cannot be shied away in the adoption of historical materialism to analyze social phenomenon and social problems. An integral theoretical explanation of this social phenomenon is conducive to the further understating of the various forces which push the society forward and of the functions that outstanding characters have made in socialist development, hence clarifying the significance and direction of socialistic democracy. The dissertation strives, by probing into its essence, functions and characters, to have a general and objective analysis of Individualistic Worship in the way of cross-subjects and comprehensive angles of view. The paper puts special emphasis on the root of Individualistic Worship, discusses the mechanism of its formation, as well as its social domino effect. In the end the author puts forward some methods in the prevention of Individualistic Worship. The paper comprises introduction, body with five chapters and conclusion. In the introduction, the author discusses the practical and theoretical significance of the dissertation. In reviewing the past and present researches home and abroad related to the dissertation, the author expounds the particularity of his study and puts forth the major research methods in his paper. Chapter 1 discusses the origin, essence, genres and characters of Individualistic Worship. In this way, the author tries to form a comprehensive and objective definition. Based on the generalization of the characters which generate Individualistic Worship, the author defines it as the adoration that group members have on their leader in a certain social organization and the mutual conductance restrained under such feeling. The author thinks that Individualistic Worship is one mode in the formation of certain social order. In essence, it is a loss of individual independence. It, meanwhile, functions as a recessive religion. The paper strives to distinguish Individualistic Worship from authority, heroes and other related social phenomena.Chapter 2 analyzes the historical, social and cognitive origins of Individualistic Worship. Its historical roots came from such factors as the dependence of individuals on society because of low productivity, the restraint of mass independence as a result of long-term despotism, the lack of ability for reasonable criticism resulted from the lag of science and culture, and the physiological organism in the natural evolution. The social origins of Individualistic Worship involve the desperation resulting from the intensification of various contradictions in social life, autarchic system in high centralization
|
