论文标题:上海粮食计划供应制度的建立（1953-1956）
A Graph-theoretic Approach to Verbal Humor
论文作者 汤水清
论文导师 姜义华,论文学位 博士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 复旦大学,点击次数 78,论文页数 285页File Size14016k
2005-04-15论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_899554672/ 上海;粮食;计划供应
Shanghai; Food; Plan Supply
上海的粮食计划供应是国家整体计划的一部分,国家统购统销政策的出台直接导致了上海粮食计划供应制度的生成。但上海的粮食供应有它自己的历史,日伪统治时期的“户口米”和1940年代末期国民党统治时期的食米配售,在某种程度上也可以看作是一种“计划供应”。这种“计划供应”的负面效应已经变成了上海城市的痛苦记忆,以致在以后实行计划供应时还能感觉到它的存在。解放初期上海实行的重点配售和发薪搭粮,则对稳定大局和发展合作社制度起过积极作用。作为中国最大的城市,解放后的粮食供应得到了政府的充分保障,在统购统销前夕,全国粮食供应出现紧张的时候,上海的粮情仍比较稳定。上海粮食供应的历史与现实状况决定了它在建立粮食计划供应制度过程中的特殊性。 计划供应是粮食供应制度上的重大变革,为使这种变革有领导有步骤有秩序地进行,上海市建立了一套与之相适应的、以粮食管理部门为主的粮食计划供应机构;并逐步形成了市、区、街道办事处和基层单位与里弄为主线,而以基层单位与里弄为主体的宣传动员体系。这为上海粮食计划供应制度的建立提供了组织保证与舆论基础。 从步骤上看,上海粮食计划供应制度的建立与国家总体步骤大体一致,但又不尽相同。它经历了四个过程:首先是把全市的私营米店改造成为国营粮食公司的代销店,将其纳入到国家计划管理的轨道,从而为粮食计划供应创造前提条件;其次是定点供应,固定供应与消费的关系;再次是按户计划供应,以户为单位将家庭用粮固定下来;最后是以人定量供应,将用粮计划落实到个人。这四步既前后相继,又有所区别。但总的趋势是越到后面越复杂、越细致、越严格。尤其是定量供应,它将个人的口粮按照劳动差别、年龄大小进行分等定量,然后凭票证购粮,为此还建立了一套严密的票证管理制度。定量供应办法的实施,表明上海粮食计划供应制度的最终确立。 上海粮食计划供应的每一步都在社会上产生了反响。但在不同的阶段,不同阶层、不同人员的反应都有所不同。这种不同既与各自的切身利益有关,也与城市的历史记忆相联,还与计划供应的动员方式、宣传效果、具体办法等等有着密切联系。总体上说,随着计划供应制度的逐步加强,人们的心理从最初的恐慌、不安到后来的认同,表现在市场上是从最初的抢购、囤积到后来的平静。 考察上海粮食计划供应制度的建立过程,可以得出两个方面的结论。从积极的方面看,粮食计划供应在产不应需、供不应求的状况下,保证了粮价、物价的平稳和社会的稳定;保证了居民低水平的粮食消费。从消极方面看,粮食计划供
Shanghai Food plan supply is the part of National whole plan, The enaction of the Central Purchase and Supply of Grain directly resulted in the creation of Shanghai Food plan supply system. But Shanghai food supply should have itself history, for example, "rice of registered permanent residence" in Japan-puppet governing period, and the distributable sales for rice of KMT governing period in the late of 1940s, in a way, they were regarded as "plan supply". Its negative effects had been suffering memory of Shanghai city. As a result, we still felt its existence when carried out plan supply since then. At the beginning of Liberation, Shanghai practised priority allocable-selling and paying salary with food, which had positive role in stabilizing overall situation and the development of cooperation body system. As the biggest city of China, the government gave food supply enough safeguard after liberation, when national food supply appeared strained at the eve of the Central Purchase and Supply of Grain, food circumstance in Shanghai is still stable. The history of Shanghai"s staple food supply and its actuality determined Shanghai"s particularity in the course of setting up food"s supplying system.Plan supply is a great change of food supply system. Making sure the changing was leaded and orderly, Shanghai had established a series of adaptive food supply agency, in which food administrative department was dominant, and formed gradually a propaganda and mobilization system, whose main line is municipality-borough-street scene and grass roots units and lane, which principal part is grass roots and lanes. They provide organization safeguard and public opinion base for the creation of Shanghai food plan supply system.Seeing from the process, the creation of Shanghai food plan supply system is general unanimous as our country, but not the same. It can divide 4 courses: Firstly, transform the private rice shop of the whole city into the agent of the state-run grain company , bringing it into the track of national planned management, thus create the precondition for food supply plans; secondly, stable point supply, fixing the relations between supply and consuming; thirdly, supply calculated by household, fixing family food consumption; finally, ration by person, fulfilling food consuming plan by person. The four courses in succession, but they are different. The total trend is more and more complex, particular and strict. Especial ration, it is classified and fixed quantify of grain ration by labor difference and age, then buy the food according to the
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