论文标题:清末民初的审判独立研究
A Study of Decriminalization
论文作者 李超
论文导师 朱勇,论文学位 博士,论文专业 法律史
论文单位 中国政法大学,点击次数 87,论文页数 240页File Size13089k
2004-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_91069977/ 行政处罚,证据,理论基础,价值取向,案卷排他性原则,听证笔录,取证主体,取证程序,取证范围,举证责任,举证时限,证据交换,质证,质证权,认证,证据能力,证据排除,证明力,证明标准
administrative penalty,evidence,theory foundation,value,doctrine of administrative rolls,hearing record,subject of obtaining evidence,procedure of obtaining evidence,scope of obtaining evidence,burden of proof,limitation of producing evidence,exchange of evidence,interrogation,rights of interrogation,confirmation,credibility,evidence exclusion,weight of proof,criterion of proof
实现一个完整的审判独立体制是中国近代司法体制改革的诉求之一。以政治权力重构的视角观察审判独立，即意味着作为审判权力载体的司法审判机关和近代意义的法官要在社会的各个政权层面予以实现。在清末民初中国政府提出的各种司法规划中，组建体系化的法院，并配置相应的法官都是其中的核心内容。清末、民初是审判独立在中国发展的两个不同时期，清末所建立的不完整的法院体系为民初政府所继承，民初政府又在清末法官考试选任的实践基础上，明确了法官的专业法学教育背景。通过对这一时期法院的设置和法官选任制度实践的仔细梳理，本文比较清晰的描述了它们在近代中国的形成、发展过程。同时，可以看到，实现审判独立在近代中国遇到了不可逾越的现实障碍，它集中体现在初级审判组织的构建上，初级法院设置数量的庞大远远超出了国家财政所能够承担的负担，数量同样庞大的专业法官群体在加重了这种负担的同时，也使法官选任方式限于两难境地：高标准必然导致法官数量的不足，而低标准则与审判独立的理想制度模式相背离。在现实障碍前，民初的审判独立呈现出这样的特点，一方面，维持一个小规模的法院体系的存在，并力图逐步扩张。同时，正是基于这个小规模的法院体系，一个水准较高的法官考选制度得以持续的实施。 本文由以下部分篇章组成： 第一章，政治权力体系重构中的审判独立”。从权力一元到三权分立，中国近代社会权力体系的重构可以视为社会各层面政权管理体制上的转变。作为对德、日政体仿效的结果，近代中国对审判独立的认识集中体现为建立独立的司法审判机关，以考选方式选任出独立进行司法审判的法官。这种认识也建立在对传统审判体制否定的基础上。此外，近代审判组织体系的确立也是对先前以改革审判方式为核心诉求的“恤刑狱”延续。 第二章“清末各级法院的设置和法官选任”。建立完善的审判组织在晚清“预备立宪”的筹画中是极为彻底的，设置法院、配置相应的人员要体现在所有层面的地方政权重构中。为此，司法规划对法院的设置方案有明确的时间表。同时，法官选任也逐步确立为考选方式。对规划、制度的实践集中反映在宣统二年各省省会、商埠各级审检厅的建立，以及同年进行的法官选任第一次考试。在此进程中，现实中的障碍开始显现，清末的地方督抚开始质疑初级审检厅的设置方案，各地方相继提出财政和人才资源上的困难。制度规划中的初级审判体系设厅规模过于庞大，地方财政根本无法负担厅署的建设费用和运营中的人中国政法大学博士学位论文清末民初的审判独立研究以法院设置与法官选任为中心员开支。另外，初级审判组织要求数量庞大的法官群体，而这一职业群体形成又取决于法官选任标准的高低。宣统三年对法官选任方式的调整，初步表明，降低对法官专业素质的要求是清政府对现实障碍的初步回应。 第三章:“清末法院设置的地方实践—以新疆为例”。清末地方各级法院的构建，主要是三级审判组织体系的建立和地方法官的选任。本章以比较翔实的材料，描述了新疆设置九所审检厅和考试选任法官的过程，进一步揭示理想的审判独立体制在实现过程中的复杂性和艰难性 第四章:“民国元年对法院、法官的改组。不同性质的政权交替，使民初政府需要清理前清留下的政权遗产。民国元年的法院设置是比较特殊的，为了昭示对共和政体的拥护，民国元年各省的法院数量出现了较大的增长，而这并不都是中央政府司法规划的结果。民初司法部对前清遗留的司法审判组织的调整，主要体现在对前清法官去、留标准的选择上。强调法官的法学专业教育背景，强调考试选任方式成为最终的选任标准。但《旧法官特别考试法草案》因没有完成立法程序而未施行的事实，使得法官群体在两个政权间的延续并不连贯。 第五章:“民初法院体系的变迁”。对法院体系予以扩张、完善的计划都被很快抛弃，相反，民国3年的政治会议反而通过了一个裁撤法院的方案，并予以实施。客观的看待这一事件，基本可以揭示出基层权力体系的重构:在民国政府财政不能得到根本改善的条件下，完整的、独立的初级法院体系，在相当长的时间内是根本无法建立的。裁撤法院后，在《法院编制法》之外的一些法院组织形式开始出现。 第六章:“民初法官考选制度的形成和实践”。与审检厅设置上的困难相比，对法官的考试选任持续存在。以考选方式选任法官，在民初没有施行的《司法官考试法草案》及《施行法草案》中就己经体现出来。但值得注意的是，对考试资格的严格要求，将系统化的法学专业教育与法宫任职联系在一起的法官考试，恰恰出现在民国三年大规模裁撤审检厅后。它的持续进行也是和审检厅数量增长缓慢有着密切联系。此外，司法讲习所考试和司法储才馆考试，是这个时期另一种法官考选方式。 在政治权力重构下出现的审判独立，意味着一个独立的审判机构体系开始出现，负责案件审理的人员与行政权的脱离，使“法官”具有了近代含义。伴随着清末修律的进行，《法院编制法》为审检厅和法官选任提供了制度规范，根据这个
It is one of the pursuits of the judiciary system reform in modern China to realize an independent judicatory system completely. From the perspective of political power restructure, judicial independence means an overall actualization of judicial organs, carrier of judicial powers, and judge in a modern sense, in all levels of governments. It was the core content of systematic judicial organ organization to realize the election of professional judges through examination in the various judiciary programming brought up by Chinese government during late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China(ROC).Late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China are two different periods for the development of judicial independence in China. The incomplete system of Procuratorate and Judgement Offices established in late Qing Dynasty was inherited by the government in early ROC, who clarified the professional jurisprudence background for judges in addition to the election system of them through examination hi practice in late Qing Dynasty . Through installment of deliberative and prosecutive offices and the examination of practices of judge selection system, this thesis describes clearly the process of the formation of modern judicial organizations in China. Meanwhile, it can be noticed that the actualization of judicial independence was confronted with insurmountable obstacles in reality in modern China. This was most obvious in the construction of junior judicial organizations. The over-establishment of junior Procuratorate and Judgement offices had far exceeded what the national finance could afford. Similarly, the huge amount of professional judges aggravated the burden, which also put the method of election in a dilemma: a high standard was sure to lead to a lack in judges; however, a low standard would deviate from the ideal system of judicial independence. In response to real obstructions, the early ROC government endowed judicial independence with two indications: one was to maintain the existence of the partially built judicial. system, and try to expand gradually; the other was to evade conflicts, and apply judicial independence in form, i.e., to center on independent law case trial by knowledgeable personnel of laws, to continue with patterns of Procuratorate and Judgement Offices, County Magistrate"s pluralism of the head of a country on judicatory and public offices of judicature, etc. on the basis of junior judicial organizations, which could act as a provisional transition before the actualization of perfect independent judicatory system..The thesis consists of the following chapters:Chapter I. Judicial Independence in Political Power Restructure. From centralized authority to separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial authorities, the reconstruction of modern China"s power system can be regarded as the transform on administrative system at all levels of social regimes. As an imitation of German and Japanese regime, the understanding of modern China on judicial independence was mainly reflected in establishing independent judicial organs and electing judges by examination who could conduct independent trial. This understanding was also based on denial of traditional judicial system. In addition , establishment of modern judicial organizations is a succession of the former " Sympathizing the Panalty " with the core pursuit of judicial method reform. However, this is a very complicated process. It is a question beyond answer in terms of system that to what extent China at late Qing Dynasty and early ROC period could accept and afford such kind of reform. The following parts of this chapter give an analysis on this, taking example of repetitions of criminal system and inquisition by torture.Chapter II. "Installation of Procuratorate and Judgement Offices at all levels in Late Qing Dynasty and the Judge Election" It was thoroughly complete to set up perfect judicial organizations in the "Preparation for Constitutionalism "plans in late Qing Dynasty. Establishment of Procuratorate and Ju
|
