论文标题:汉语辞格的语用分析
Pragmatic Analysis of Chinese Figures of Speech
论文作者 汪宁
论文导师 唐雪凝,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 汉语言文字学
论文单位 曲阜师范大学,点击次数 1124,论文页数 56页File Size2331k
2003-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_92922/ 审美心理过程;先在结构;期待视野;陌生化;思维惯性;电影含蓄美;电影悬念美;电影音乐
aesthetic psychological process;Innate structurem;expecting horizons;unfamilarisation;conventional thinking;implicit beauty;suspense beauty;film music
语用学是新近发展起来的一门学科，主要研究使用中的语言，语用研究中的两个基本概念是意义和语境。使用辞格也要表达意义，而且所表达的意义不仅包括字面意义，还包括其言外之意，即辞格的语用意义，大部分辞格的使用主要是为了表达话语的语用意义。由于语言具有间接性，有时话语的字面意义和要表达的语用意义是不一致的，辞格的使用也是间接语言的一种表现手段。英国哲学家奥斯汀把话语分为两类：言有所述和言有所为，辞格中的语用意义便在言有所为的话语中。奥斯汀的言语行为理论，认为一个人在表达时实施了三种行为：语谓行为(言内行为)、语旨行为(言外行为)、语效行为(言后行为)，而辞格的运用便是发话者实施其言外行为从而更易于被受话者洞察其意图的一种表现形式。美国哲学家格赖斯于1967年提出了会话的“合作原则”，其中包括四个准则：适量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。辞格的使用是为了更好的遵循合作原则的，但有时发话者为了传达多于字面意义之外的语用意义会故意违反某一准则，所以辞格的使用有时是符合合作原则的，有时则违背了合作原则，有时是合作原则的变异表现。在不少情况下，人们违反合作原则是出于礼貌的考虑和需要，这时便符合礼貌这一语用原则。如比喻、拟人、夸张、反语是违反质量准则的，隐喻、通感、借代则是符合关联准则的几种表现形式，反复、排比是适量准则的变异表现，婉曲、反语虽然违背了方式准则但同时维护了礼貌原则。 无论怎样的表达，其终极目的都是为了取得好的交际效果，辞格的运用也是如此。但好的交际效果的取得还要取决于语境的影响和制约，其中有主观因素——发话者和受话者的制约和客观因素——文化和认知心理的影响和制约。发话者和受话者是交际活动中的主体，发话者的表达是辞格中语用意义实现的前提和基础，发话者运用各种有效的修辞手段来取得好的表达效果，但好的交际效果的实现是在接受中最终完成的，所以发话者和受话者成为影响辞格中的语用意义实现的主观因素。此外，还有文化和认知，C理的影响，它们构成影响辞格中的语用意义实现的客观因素。只有注意到主客观这两种因素的制约，才能更充分地去表达和理解辞格中的语用意义，从而保证好的交际效果的实现。 从语用角度研究分析汉语辞格，能增加辞格研究的新意，从而丰富汉语辞格的研究。使用辞格的目的主要是为了取得好的交际效果，在运用中应当不断的对辞格的表达力。以创新，但也要掌握一个适度的问题。如果一味地追求新异和新奇，着意掘新，那只能会流于怪诞、荒谬和晦涩而达不到使用辞格所应得到的修辞效果。 在跨文化交际中，人们越来越关注到语用和文化的作用，文化作为一个大的语境，对人们的语言运用起着不可忽视的作用，把辞格和文化、语用联系起来进行研究，不仅对同一文化语境中的人们的语言运用有所指导，而且对不同文化背景的人们之间的交际和跨语言教学研究工作也会产生有用的实际效果。
Pragmatics is a newly developed branch of learning, chiefly researching language in use. The two basic concepts of pragmatic research are meaning and context. The meaning employing figures of speech to express does show not only the literal meaning but also the implied one, i.e. the pragmatic meaning expressed by figures of speech. Most of the figures of speech are employed mainly to express the pragmatic meaning of what one says. Due to indirectness of language, the literal meaning is sometimes evidential to the implied meaning. The use of figures of speech is also one form of expression of indirect language. The British philosopher Austin divided what one says into two types: connotative and performative. The pragmatic meaning of figures of speech lies in performative words. On this base, he proposed the famous speech act theory and thought that one implemented three kinds of actions when expressing: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. In the meantime, the use of figures of speech is one manifestation that the expresser performs the illocutionary act and the recipient more easily sees his intent clearly.American philosopher Grice proposed co-operative principle conversation in 1967, which consists of four conversational maxims: quantity maxim-, quality maxim> relation maxim and manner maxim. The use of figures of speech is to follow the cooperative principle much better. However, now and then the expresser will violate any of these maxims deliberately in order to convey the pragmatic meaning in addition to the literal meaning. Therefore, employing figures of speech accords with theco-operative principle now and then, disobeys the co-operative principle now and then, piece is the variation conduct now and then. In many situations, people violate the co-operative principle at the moment simply according with the politeness principle. For example, figurative speeclu personification, hyperbole ,irony violate the quality maxim; metaphor, metonymy and sensation transform are some kinds of manifestation that accord with relation maxim; reversal and parallelism are variation conduct of quantity maxim; euphemism and irony accord with the politeness principle although violate the manner maxim.No matter what shows, the ultimate aim is wholly in order to acquire good communication effect, the figures of speech applications also are in this way. Yet what affects good communication effect are not merely subjective elements - expresser and recipient, still there is objective element-Culture field of vision and Cognition psychology. That is to say, Context is an element that will affect and restrict the good communication effect acquired. Moreover, the figures of speech are costly living on innovates, yet at the same time what innovates will pay attention to the moderate degree properly and restriction by the subjective and objective element. Only in this way can we sufficiently express and comprehend the pragmatic meaning when using figures of speech, thereby guarantee the realization of good communication effect.In Tran cultural communication, people have paid more and more attention to the function of pragmatics and culture. As a large context, culture plays an important role in people"s use of language. To study culture in combination with rhetoric and pragmatics, could not only guide people" use of language in the same context, but also make practical effects on the Tran culture communication and research in the teaching of different language.
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