论文标题:桃性状遗传评价和分子标记技术研究
Genetic Evaluation of Main Characters and Study of Molecular Marker Technique in Peach
论文作者 俞明亮
论文导师 章镇,论文学位 博士,论文专业 果树学
论文单位 南京农业大学,点击次数 114,论文页数 112页File Size13157k
2004-06-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_941652097/ 桃;遗传评价;基因型分析;亲缘关系;性状标记
P. persica (L.) Batsch; Genetic evaluation; Genotype analysis;Genetic relationship; Molecular marker
桃原产于中国，种质资源丰富。桃新品种选育以常规杂交育种为主，主要性状的遗传评价能为亲本的选配、提高育种效率等提供理论依据；分子标记技术作为一种新兴的研究手段，在桃品种研究中能进一步充实常规方法的研究结果，为桃的遗传育种、起源演化提供分子依据。 本研究在桃杂交育种的基础上对果皮茸毛、果肉颜色、花粉育性、果实形状、果实风味、果实成熟期等性状进行了系统的遗传分析：结合主要性状的遗传分析，对相关育种材料的基因型进行分析，并对优异种质的育种价值进行了评价；应用SSR标记技术对种间亲缘关系进行了分析，并提出了桃种间的演化模式；利用分子标记技术，采用集群分离分析法对毛桃／油桃、白肉／黄肉、花粉能育／花粉败育3个性状进行了标记研究，为分子标记辅助育种在桃上的应用提供了有效的标记。研究结果如下： 1．桃主要性状遗传评价研究 本研究在应用杂交手段选育桃、油桃、蟠桃品种的实践中，对亲本和杂种的果皮茸毛、果肉颜色、花粉育性、果实形状、果实风味、果实成熟期等性状进行了系统的遗传分析，得出： 桃果皮茸毛、果肉颜色、花粉育性3个性状各由1对等位基因控制，果皮有毛对果皮无毛、果肉白色对果肉黄色、花粉能育对花粉败育呈完全显性，且这3对等位基因分别呈独立遗传，无互作效应。 桃果实形状由1对等位基因控制，蟠桃对圆桃是完全显性。杂种后代中圆桃果形有圆形、近圆形、卵圆形、长圆形等，果顶有圆、圆平、微凹、乳突状、尖等，呈现多样性，但大多数与圆桃亲本相似；蟠桃果实的高、宽、厚及高／宽与蟠桃亲本相似，没有出现新的类型。 桃杂种后代单株果实甜、酸甜、甜酸、酸四种风味均出现；选择甜风味的品种作为亲本，后代出现甜油桃的单株比例较高；在蟠桃所有的组合中，后代以甜风味为多，蟠桃单株尤其如此，蟠桃风味的遗传力较强，甜风味和蟠桃果形之间不存在连锁关系，可能控制这两个性状的基因间的遗传距离较近，交换重组的概率低些，导致杂种后代甜风味比例较高。 桃果实早熟、中熟、晚熟分别由各自的主基因遗传控制，修饰基因影响主基因的桃性状遗传评价和分子标记技术研究作用。不同组合类型‘中熟x早熟、中熟、中熟、中熟火晚熟、晚熟x中熟、晚熟、晚熟、晚熟x早熟的杂种后代出现早、中、晚熟单株的比例分别为4:3:1、O:3:1、0:1:1、0:1:卜0: 0:1和卜o:1。桃成熟期的遗传力hZ二0.80，超亲遗传现象明显。在桃成熟期育种中，亲本之一为早熟品种的，其后代出现早熟单株的比率较高;亲本之一为中熟品种的，其后代出现中熟单株的比率较高;任何组合后代都有晚熟单株，而晚熟、晚熟组合的后代出现晚熟单株的比率最高. 2.桃品种基因型分析与种质创新研究 根据桃性状的遗传规律及表现，对桃育种材料的花粉育性、果皮茸毛、果实形状、果肉颜色、果肉肉质和粘离核等质量性状进行基因型分析评价，本研究确定了基因型为psps、psps、psps、Hh、sasa、Yy、YyMmff、”mmff、yyM_ff、yyMmff、yyM_F_、y}’MMFf. yyMmFf的品种;利用丰富的桃种质资源，并通过常规有性杂交，进行基因重组，创造了优质甜风味油桃、不溶质鲜食桃、矮生桃、油蟠桃等新的桃种质类型. 3.桃种间亲缘关系研究 通过正交试验，建立了桃SSR反应体系，并对桃的6个种和扁桃进行了鉴定;对谱带进行数字化转换，用SPSSll.5中的Jaccard聚类方法对结果进行了聚类，发现桃亚属间普通桃与新疆桃的亲缘关系最近，陕甘山桃与甘肃桃也有较近的亲缘关系，在相似系数小于0.589时，普通桃、新疆桃、陕甘山桃、甘肃桃四个种被聚为一类，与这四个种相近的为光核桃、其次为山桃，最远的为扁桃。 4.桃性状标记研究 桃性状标记研究以91一42一5卜瑞光3号的杂交后代，共48个单株为试材，采用集群分离分析法，对桃果实的有毛/无毛和白肉/黄肉性状以及有花粉/无花粉进行了分子标记研究。结果发现，用SSR技术标记到有毛性状与P09一300之间的遗传距离为4.35cM，白肉性状与P16一680之间的遗传距离为2.17cM;根据拟南芥雄性不育序列标记设计的引物扩增出的两个片段NNJ一I一600和NNJ一I一900与桃无花粉性状之间的遗传多巨离为oeM。关健词:桃;遗传评价;基因型分析;亲缘关系;性状标记
Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is native to china where are rich germplasm. Cross breeding was still main methods for breeding new peach cultivars. Genetic evaluation of main characters can provide basic genetic theory for selecting parents and improving efficiency of peach breeding. Molecular marker as a newly appeared technique can enrich the results of normal method, and supply molecular basics for breeding program, genetic relationship and evolvement of peach.In this paper, inheritance of maim characters as pubscent/glabrous fruit surface, flesh color, pollen fertility, fruit shape, fruit flavor and fruit repining time of peach were systematically analyzed using controlled crosses. Genotypes of breeding materials of peach were also identified. Genetic relationship of peach species was analyzed by SSR and evolvement relationship among species was deduced. Molecular markers linked to pubescent/glabrous fruit surface, white/yellow fruit flesh color and fertile/sterile pollen were found using bulked segregation analysis. The details were as follows:1. Genetic evaluation of main characters of P. persica (L.) BatschBased on the practice of peach breeding, this paper systematically analyzed the inheritance of pubscent/glabrous fruit surface, flesh color, pollen fertility, fruit shape, fruit flavor and fruit maturing time of the parents, F1 and F2 hybrids. The results were as follows:Pubescent/glabrous, flesh color and pollen fertility were proved to be each controlled by a pair of alleles, with pubescent peach completely dominant to glabrous nectarine, white flesh to yellow flesh and pollen fertility to pollen sterility. The three alleles appeared to follow the rule of independent assortment, without linkage of interaction among them.Fruit shape was controlled by one pair of alleles. Flat shape was dominant to non-flat shape. Non-flat shape such as round, near round, ovate and ellipse were appeared in hybrids. Shapes of fruit top were diverse, such as round, plainness, concave, mammilla, sharp and so on, most of which were similar to that of parents. The height, width, depth and height/width of flat hybrids were similar to their flat parents, no intermediate shapes occurred.Fruit flavors such as sweet, sweet with sour, sour with sweet and sour were all appeared in hybrids. Rate of nectarine seedlings with sweet flavor was high when varieties with sweet flavor as parents. More hybrids with sweet flavor were appeared in cross with flat peach as parents, especially flat offspring. The result indicated that genetic potential of fruit flavor of flat peach was strong. No linkage relationship were found between sweet flavor and flat shape, according to this result we presumed that genes control the tow traits were near but with genetic distance in genome, so frequency of recombination between the two gene were low, this cause flat peach to be sweet.Fruit maturing period classified as early, mid and late were controlled by respective major genes and modifying factors. Ratios of early, mid and late individuals from the combinations of MidxEarly, MidxMid, Mid*Late, Late*Mid, Late*Late, LatexEarly were 4:3:1, 0:3:1, 0:1:1, 0:1:1 and 1:0:1 respectively. The heritability of fruit ripening dates was 0.80, and there exited a significant transgressive inheritance. To obtain mid ripening individuals, mid season cultivars must be used as one of the parents, and crosses between late and early season cultivars were not suitable. Late ripening individuals may be obtain from any crosses, but the percentage of late ripening seeding will be the highest in crosses between late season cultivars.2. Genotype analysis and utilization of new created germplasm of P. persica (L.) BatschGenotype of qualitative traits such as pollen fertility, nectarine, fruit shape, flesh color, flesh firmness, freestone or clingstone and so on used as breeding materials were valuated on the basis of the previous research of peach breeding. Cultivars with genotype as psps> Psps, PsPs. Hh, Sasa, Yy. YyMmff. yymmff, yyM_fl\ yyMmff. yyM_F_, yyMMFf, yyMmFf were identi
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