论文标题:论商标审查制度
Aerodynamic Heat and the Thermal Response of Reentry Missile
论文作者 吴群
论文导师 金渝林,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 法律
论文单位 对外经济贸易大学,点击次数 73,论文页数 31页File Size1871k
2001-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_95684302/ 商标, 审查, 制度
trademark, examination, system
商标权的取得基于两种事实：一是商标的使用，即商标权通过商标的实际使用来获得；二是商标的注册，即商标权通过商标主管机关的注册取得。在商标主管机关决定一个标记是否可以注册的过程中，商标审查制度起着重要的作用。该制度是指商标主管机关审查商标注册申请时所依据的商标注册条件以及审查规则。商标注册条件包括主体和客体两方面的条件，审查规则是商标主管机关依据商标注册条件对商标注册申请进行审查的具体标准和基本原则，二者共同构成商标审查人员对商标注册申请进行形式要件和实质要件审查的依据。 本文在公平理论基础上分析了商标审查制度。公平具有对等、平等、平权等含义，对公平的追求是人类社会的特征。就法律制度而言，公平应当反映绝大多数人的利益，并体现法律面前人人平等。公平受一定社会、经济、文化的制约并随之变化而变化。从这个意义上说，公平只是一定历史时期内的相对公平。在建国后的不同历史时期，我国商标审查制度始终努力维护大多数人利益，并一直追求法律面前人人平等。但不可否认的是，商标审查制度由于受社会、经济、文化的制约，存在着一些不完善之处。这种不完善表现为商标注册条件和审查规则存在缺陷，这些缺陷又导致了商标主管机关的商标审查的缺陷。影响商标注册条件的一个因素是社会经济体制。不同经济体制下的经济活动参与者及其利益的需求不同，反馈到立法中，形成了不同的实现公平的法律规范。文化则是影响商标注册条件的另一个因素。文化是一个国家的人们从历史上沿袭下来的一种特定的心理习惯、概念等。文化具有历史性或传统性，它意味着对先人文化的继承。它常常左右着人们的思维和行为，渗透在包括法律在内的各个领域，这种渗透时常起着负面的作用。我们在讨论商标注册条件存在缺陷的同时，也看到了审查规则和审查方面存在的问题：缺乏具体公平原则，商标注册条件与审查人员主观判断不一致等等，其原因与商标注册条件、文化传统等因素有关。 基于以上分析，笔者认为，解决这些问题应当从设立合理的商标注册主客体条件、严格适用相对条件、体现具体公平原则、缩小客观注册条件与审查人员主观判断之间的差距等方面来考虑，并在本文中提出了以下完善商标审查制度的具体意见及其理由：权利主体条件应当增加我国的自然人，这不仅可以反映其权益上的合理要求，也是解决歧视我国自然人问题之需要。客体条件方面应重新认识显著性，其中包括对商标经使用产生第二含义的认识：一个非显著性的标记，经过使用后有可能会使公众逐渐忘记该标记原有的叙述商品或服务的含义，并逐渐将该标记与商品的生产者和服务的提供者联系起来。在三维标记方面，只要该标记符合一定的设定条件，可以考虑注册该标记为三维商标。从阻却商标“抢注”角度考虑，商标法中应当承认未注册商标权，并在异议程序中明确将该种商标作为在先权利的一种。除了主客体条件外，在商标主管机关审查人员审查商标时，应严格适用相对条件，这需要增加部分驳回程序来解决。此外，由于商标注册条件和审查规则是客观的，审查人员审查商标时的判断是主观的，应当肯定具体公平原则和审查人员自由裁量权的合理性，并应当承认商标注册条件的客观要求和审查人员的主观审查是难以完全一致的。 通过以上论述，本文的结论是：商标审查制度中的公平应当体现大多数人的利益，体现法律面前人人平等。由于受社会、经济、文化等的制约，公平是 川时的；；我什卜I以采地一定措施，如对商标法中商标注册条州：的修改，尽。·1能 地攸凶标审查制度最大限度地体现大多数人的利益。
Trademark right is obtained on the basis of two facts: use of trademark. namely trademark right is obtained through the use of the mark, and trademark registration, namely trademark right is obtained through registration granted by the competent authority dealing with trademark registration. Trademark examination system plays an important role in determining by the authority whether or not a sign is capable to be registered. The system refers to the qualification for trademark registration provided for in the Trademark Law and the rules on trademark examination. Qualification for trademark registration contains that of subject and object while rules on tradejnark examination indicate the concrete criteria and principles based on the qualifications. The competent authority applie~the qualification and the rules to its examination both as to form and as to substance of applications for trademark registration.This dissertation, based on the theory of fairness, analyses the trademark examination system. Fairness covers equity, equality, or equal right etc. As far as fairness in the legal system is concerned, it shall reflect the rights and interests of the most people and shall embody the principle of 搈en抯 equality before law?. Fairness is conditioned by influence of social, economic, or cultural factors and changes as the latter goes. During the different periods since 1949, the Chinese trademark examination system has tried to protect the rights and interests of the most people and sought to realize the 搈en抯 equality before law?. However, due to the influence of the social, economic, cultural factors, there exist some imperfections in the said system. These imperfections are expressed as that in the qualifications and rules for trademark application and registration, or even in the actual trademark examination. One of the factors that influences the said qualifications is the economic structure. Participants in economic activities of different economic structure have different needs of their own. The needs always influence the contents of laws. Another factor that influences the said qualifications is culture. Culture is a kind of psychology, custom, or concept that people of a country follow all the time from historic routine. History or condition has a nature that inherits forefatherst psychology, custom, or concept. Culture always controls men抯 thinking and behavior. All fields including law are permeated by the cultural, leading to both positive and negative influence upon them. At the time discussing imperfections in the trademark registration qualifications, we may see the problems in the trademark examination rules and examination itself: lack of principle 搒pecific fairness?, inconsistency between the said qualifications and examiners? subjective judgement. The reasons therein are connected with the said qualifications or also with culture.In view of above analyses, the writer holds that some general directions for the settlement of imperfections shall be taken into consideration. For instance, add some reasonable qualifications for trademark application and registration in the fields of subject and objects; strictly apply the relative grounds for refusal, embody specific fairness principle, and narrow the gap between the qualifications and examiners subjective judgement. Accordingly, the writer expresses the following concrete viewpoints and their reasons how to make trademark examination system moreperfect. As far as the Chinese natural person is concerned, they shall be added into the Trademark Law as one part of the subject because this does not oniy reflect their reasonable right and interests, but meet the need for the settlement of discrimination against them. As far as the qualifications of object arc concerned, some new shall be taken into consideration. One is to re-realize the distinctiveness that covers the second meaning of a descriptive trademark through its use. This is because the public may gradually fot~geU the original descriptive meaning of the trademark and graduall
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