论文标题:地矿三维空间数据模型及相关算法研究
Research on Three-Dimensional Spatial Data Models and Algorithms in Geology and Mine
论文作者
论文导师 龚健雅；史文中,论文学位 博士,论文专业 摄影测量与遥感
论文单位 武汉大学,点击次数 108,论文页数 171页File Size14019k
2005-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_9808587/
Geological exploration engineering; 3D data model; Model framework;Quasi Tri-Prism Volume; Delaunay triangular network; Multi-DEMs; Hybrid model;Modeling; Algorithm; System prototypes
地理信息系统(GIS)为人们提供了采集、存储、管理和分析空间信息的有效工具,然而目前大多数商业GIS软件都是基于二维或2.5维的,这已导致它在描述真三维空间现象上的不足,限制了它的应用范围。克服这一缺陷的唯一办法是研究开发具有描述真三维空间对象能力的三维GIS软件。三维GIS理论研究与软件开发已成为国际GIS领域的热点,三维GIS研究仍存在许多没有解决或解决不好的问题,理论上主要表现在三维空间数据模型和数据结构、三维数据获取方法、大容量数据的存贮和管理、三维空间对象建模和分析以及三维可视化技术。其中三维数据模型与数据结构是三维GIS的核心,三维GIS各种功能的发挥取决于其三维数据模型的选取;如何从采集到的三维数据或根据传统的二维数据构建空间实体三维模型是三维GIS研究的关键。由于不同的研究领域,空间对象在其形态、数据获取方法和应用目的等方面存在较大差异,因此根据不同的专题研究领域针对性地开展三维空间数据模型与建模方法的研究是具有十分重要的意义。本文以地质勘探工程领域为研究背景,对地矿三维空间数据模型、建模方法及模型操作算法进行研究,并做了初步实验。主要研究工作如下: (1)阐述了GIS空间数据模型的相关概念、术语、空间数据模型与空间数据结构的关系;对三维空间数据模型的研究现状进行了回顾与分类,归纳了各类数据模型的特点,对各种常见的三维空间数据模型进行系统比较分析,分析了设计三维空间数据模型应考虑的因素。 (2)系统地分析了地质矿山工程研究领域各种自然地质现象和人工勘探工程现象,阐述了各种地质对象的空间维特征与几何对象特征,对地质信息的来源、特征、分类与图形表达进行了分析讨论;结合铀矿地质勘探工程特点,详细阐述了钻孔曲线上各种特征点的计算原理与方法;研究了从剖面图上获取(地质体)特征点三维坐标的计算公式。 (3)提出了矢量与栅格集成的空间数据模型总体框架,研究了总体框架分类体系;以地矿三维空间数据模型为研究目标,采用以统一建模语言的方法描述了基于似三棱柱体元的面向对象概念数据模型,提出了基于混合体元数据模型、基于多层DEM与似三棱柱体混合数据模型的概念。 (4)分析以似三棱柱体元构建三维模型的特点,提出了似三棱柱体的定义;设计了基于似三棱柱体体元的逻辑数据模型、模型组成元素和对象的数据结构及它们之间的拓扑关系;提出了根据真实钻孔数据构建似三棱柱体模型的算法,对地层似
The geographical information system (GIS) has provided the effective tools to capture, store, manage and analyze the spatial information. At present most commercial GIS software is based on 2D or 2.5D, which can not describe the real 3D spatial phenomenon effectively and efficiently. For the present, there are still a lot of problems that are unsolved or solved not so well, theoretically on 3D spatial data model and data structure, 3D data acquisition, storage and management of large volume data, modeling and analysis of 3D spatial objects and 3D visualization. As the core of 3D GIS, 3D data model decides directly the validity and capability of 3D GIS. Therefore, how to construct 3D data model is the key of 3D GIS research. 3D data model should varying with different thematic research domains because different characteristics of spatial objects should be involved in different domains and applications. The research of this dissertation focuses on 3D data model and algorithms of geology and mine. The main research works are as follows:(1) The concepts and terms of 3D spatial data model, the relation between spatial data model and spatial data structure are expatiated upon. By reviewing and classifying the current research situation of 3D spatial data models, the characteristics of all kinds of data model are summed up, and various common 3D spatial data models are carried out systematic comparison and analysis. The factors should be considered when designing 3D spatial data model are discussed.(2) Various natural geological phenomenon and artificial exploration engineering phenomenon in the research domain of geology and mine are analyzed systematically. The spatial dimension characteristic and geometric characteristic of various geological objects are expatiated upon, and the source, characteristic, classification and graphic expression of geological information are discussed. Considering the characteristic of uranium mine geological exploration engineering, the calculation principle and method of various feature points on borehole curve are explained in detail. The calculation formula of obtaining the 3D coordinates of feature point from profile chart is proposed.(3) The general framework of spatial data model integrated raster and vector is proposed, and the general framework classification system is study. For the purpose of researching on 3D spatial data model in geology and mine, an object-oriented conceptual data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) is described using UML. A data model based on hybrid volume elements is put forward, and a hybrid data model based on multi-DEMs and QTPVs is also put forward.(4) The characteristics of 3D spatial model based on QTPV are analyzed and the definition of QTPV is proposed. The QTPV logical data model, data structure and topological relation among the model elements are designed. The algorithm of constructing QTPV model according to the real borehole sample data is proposed.Reasonable solutions to special problems, which appear during modeling stratum QTPV, are put forward. The QTPV modeling method of geological exploration engineering objects is discussed.(5) Various situation of QTPV is cut by a plane are studied, and the algorithm forming the profile chart after the QTPV model being cut by a plane is designed. The idea of QTPV partition into tetrahedron is put forward, and the partition forms, partition codes, partition code-vertex comparison table and partition algorithm are researched on. An algorithm of extracting TIN model from QTPV data model is proposed, and the modeling benefits of QTPV model are analyzed by comparing with 3D FDS and TEN.(6) The concept of the 3D stratum model based on multi-DEMs is discussed and the multi-DEMs conceptual model and data structures are designed. The idea of adopting five groups of topological relation tables to maintain four kinds of topological relation among the model entities is proposed. The existing modeling process of 3D stratum model is analyzed , and the concept of "Borehole-piece TIN Modeling method" is proposed and the work flow of constructing 3D stratum model is also designed. A model merge algorithm based on delaunay triangulation is proposed.(7) Based on grid index, a method of creating TIN model for stratum interface which constrained by feature lines is studied. For the description of different distributions of the data after an arbitrary plane cutting complex stratum model, an algorithm of creating TIN constrained by polygon data with islands which have a specific attribute is proposed. The dissertation also makes a research on triangulation algorithms in a simple polygon based on the dynamic identify of the minimum interior angle. Moreover, for modeling fault interface, the algorithm of minimum diagonal line is explored for the construction of serial triangle facets between two separate polylines.(8) For valuating the validity of 3D spatial data models and modeling algorithms proposed in this dissertation, two experimental prototype systems are developed on VC++ platform, and some real data is employed to verify the results of experiments.
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